emotions Flashcards
Phineas Gage received damage on …
medial prefrontal lobes
Darwin’s Theory of the Evolution of Emotional Expression
- Expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do
- If emotional signals are beneficial, they will evolve to more effectively communicate and may lose their original meaning
Threat displays are beneficial because
they intimidate victims without the costs and risks of fighting
Common sense view
Stimulus triggers emotion which triggers physiological reaction
stimulus->emotion->physiological reaction
James-Lange Theory
Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response which triggers emotion
Autonomic/skeletal response necessary for emotion
simulus–>physical response/autonomic–>emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response and emotion
they are independent of each other
Modern Biopsychological View
Stimulus, emotion and physiological reaction all interrelated.
all of these things interact
all of these things effect each other and their perception
Cutting off cerebral cortex of cats results in
mad raging cats! due to hypothalamus being cut a little bit and damaged
complete removal in hypothalamus results in…
no shame rage
the role of hypothalamus on aggression
important for aggressive responses
Role of cortex on aggresion
cortex directs the aggression
Limbic System Theory of Emotion
emotional expression is controlled by several interconnected nuclei and tracts that surround the thalamus
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome results from
bilateral damage to anterior temporal lobes
Major symtoms of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
objects into mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behavior, placidity (flat emotion), visual distractibility
rare
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is responsible for…
Location of sympathetic and parasympathetic
Control-question technique
Response to a target question vs. control question
Example: “Did you steal the purse?”
Success rate - 80%
Guilty knowledge technique
more accurate technique
Response to detail known by guilty
Example: “Where do you think the purse was found…in the bathroom? In the locker? In the office?”
Success rate - 88%
Facial feedback hypothesis
smiling makes you happier; facial muscles influence emotional experience
Microexpressions
brief facial expressions reveal true feelings; may break through false ones
Duchenne
sincere and genuine
real smiles
Fear
emotional reaction to threat
Aggressive behaviors
designed to threaten or harm
Social aggression
unprovoked attacks on members of one’s own species to establish dominance
Defensive behaviors
designed to protect from threat or harm (motivated by fear)
Colony-intruder model of aggression
aggression and defense in rats
Study interaction between alpha male of an established colony with a small male intruder
Alpha male becomes aggressive to the “intruder” rat
Target-site concept
aggressive behaviors designed to attack specific sites on body, defensive to protect specific sites
Observation of cats and mice
the effect testosterone has on social aggression in humans
Does not decrease with castration or increase with testosterone injections
has no effect on social aggression
Violent criminals and aggressive male athletes may have high testosterone levels, but may be result (not cause) of aggressive behavior
the problem with testosterone is that it is…
hard/difficult to measure
Fear conditioning
establishment of a fear response to a previously neutral stimulus
Fear conditioning to auditory stimulus must reach
medial geniculate nucleus, but not necessarily auditory cortex
medial geniculate nucleus sends information to the….
amygdala and the auditory cortex
hypothalamus triggers…
hormones for fight or flight
Lesions of amygdala results in….
stops fear conditioning
what happens if we damage our auditory cortex?
we can still respond to “emergency” sound
threatening sounds
Contextual fear conditioning
conditioning fear to a location
if the hippocampus is damaged…
we will not develop contextual fear conditioning
bc hippocampus is involved with spatial memory
Lateral nucleus of the amygdala is involved in…
the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear;
Receives info from prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex role of fear….
suppresses fear
Hippocampus role of fear…
mediate learning about context
when you experience an emotion or empathize with another which cortex’s are active
Motor and sensory cortex activate
emotions allow you to feel sensory and may have motor effect
Ex: breaking up with someone will actually show emotional pain and phys reponse (increased heart rate…sweat)
Motor and sensory activation w/ emotion
embodiment of emotion
– you experience motor, autonomic, and sensory sensations associated with the emotion
amygdala is important for the ____________ or fear
perception
social fear
all negative emotions
Urbach-Wiethe disease
calcification of amygdala
causes loss of recognition facial expression and loss of recognition of fear
Medial Prefrontal Lobes include…
orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex
the interaction between medial prefontal lobes and amygdala
Interacts with amygdala when emotion is being cognitively suppressed or reappraised
essentially decreases the response of the amygdala
Possible roles of the medial prefrontal lobes in emotion
Comparison of outcome and expectancy
Respond to personal choices that have resulted in loss
To predict likelihood of error
Guiding behavior based on previous outcomes
response to social rejection
Right-hemisphere model
the right hemisphere is dominant for all aspects of emotion
Valence model of emotion
the right hemisphere specializes in negative emotions
when showing extraverts and neurotic pictures of emotional facial expressions…
When viewing happy faces - only extraverts showed high amygdala activity
When viewing fearful picture - both groups showed high amygdala activity
principle of antithesis
-Opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements
