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Lateralization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cerebral commissures

A

connect the two halves of the brain

Corpus Collusum

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2
Q

Aphasia

A

deficit in language comprehension or production due to brain damage

usually on left

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3
Q

Broca’s area

A

in left inferior prefrontal cortex

expression and speech

combines sounds into words

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4
Q

Damage of broca results in

A

Broca’s aphasia

unable to speak fluidly

lots of nouns

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5
Q

Sodium amytal test

A

Anesthetize one and check for language function

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6
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Report more digits heard by the dominant half

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7
Q

Functional brain imaging for lateralization tests

A

fMRI or PET used to see which half is active when doing a language test

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8
Q

Left hemisphere is speech dominant in which “handers?”

A

almost all dextrals - right-handers most sinistrals

left-handers

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9
Q

what happens when you cut the corpus collosum?

A

each hemisphere functions independently

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10
Q

Apraxia

A

difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context, also a consequence of damage on the left.

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11
Q

Dual foci of attention

A

split-brain hemispheres can search for target item in array faster than intact controls

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12
Q

one hemisphere will suffice if task is…

A

easy

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13
Q

extra hemisphere is needed to process a what kind of task?

A

If task is difficult

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14
Q

Z lens

A

Can be used to assess each hemisphere’s understanding of spoken instructions by limiting essential visual information to one side of brain

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15
Q

What kind of info somehow passes between hemispheres?

A

emotional information

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16
Q

Right hemisphere superiority

A

Spatial ability
Emotion
Musical ability
Some memory tasks

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17
Q

Left hemisphere superiority

A

Language

superior in controlling ipsilateral movement

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18
Q

Planum temporale

A

Wernicke’s area

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19
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

Primary auditory cortex

20
Q

Frontal operculum

A

Broca’s area

21
Q

All theories propose that it’s better to have brain areas that have …..

A

similar functions be in the same hemisphere

22
Q

Analytic-synthetic theory

A

Two modes of thinking :
analytic (LH)
synthetic (RH)

Vague and essentially untestable

“The darling of pop psychology”

23
Q

Motor theory

A

Left controls fine movements – speech is just a category of fine movement

Left damage may produce speech and motor deficits

24
Q

Linguistic theory

A

Primary role of left hemisphere is language

25
Q

Evolution of Lateralization of Function:

A

Some nonhuman primates:

Tend to use their right hand for communicative gestures, particularly when vocalizing

Have right hemisphere superiority for facial expression and identity, suggesting that evolution of laterality preceded evolution of hominids

26
Q

Language localization

A

place within the hemisphere of language circuitry

27
Q

Arcuate fasciculus connects to the…

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

28
Q

Left angular gyrus is posterior to the…

A

Wernicke’s area

29
Q

damage to the Arcuate fasciculus

A

causes conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words just heard)

Comprehension and speech normal

30
Q

damage to the Left angular gyrus

A

causes alexia (inability to read) and agraphia (inability to write)

Comprehension of language-related visual input

31
Q

Surgery that destroys only Broca’s area

A

has no lasting effects on speech

32
Q

Removal of much of Wernicke’s area

A

has no lasting effects on speech

33
Q

Activity in brain areas for specific cognitive processes . . .

A

underlie language-related behaviors

have functions independent of language

are likely to be small, widely distributed, and specialized

34
Q

Bevalier’s fMRI study of reading was about

A

cortical involvement in reading

35
Q

Reading sentences versus control periods (strings of consonants)

A

Areas of activity were tiny and spread out

Active areas varied between subjects and trials
Activity was widespread

36
Q

is there language in the brain beyond the wernicke and geschwin model?

A

YES!

37
Q

Dyslexia

A

reading difficulties not due to some other deficit (e.g., vision, intelligence)

38
Q

Developmental dyslexia

A

– apparent when learning to read

Heritability estimate = 50%, More common in boys than girls

Various subtle visual, auditory, and motor deficits are commonly seen

Genetic component – yet the disorder is also influenced by culture

39
Q

Acquired dyslexia

A

Due to brain damage

Relatively rare

(deep dyslexia) extensive damage to left-hemisphere language areas

40
Q

Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms

A

Perhaps a deficit of phonological processing rather than sensorimotor processing

Brain differences identified, but none seems to play a role in the disorder

Multiple types of developmental dyslexia – possibly multiple causes

41
Q

Lexical

A

using stored information about words

42
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

lexical procedure lost.

Can’t recognize words.

loss of visual recognition of words (cannot “look and say”)
Surface: “steek” for “steak”

43
Q

Phonetic

A

sounding out

44
Q

Deep dyslexia

A

Phonetic procedure lost. Can’t sound out unfamiliar words

loss of ability to “sound out” unfamiliar words or “nonwords”

Deep: “hen” for “chicken”

45
Q

How is it that lexical abilities are spared?

A

Lexical abilities may be housed in left language areas that are spared

Lexical abilities may be mediated by the right hemisphere

Evidence for both exists

bio psy (7 decks)

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