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Drugs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system
-go pass the blood brain barrier

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2
Q

Drug metabolism

A

conversion of drug from active to non-active form

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3
Q

Drug Tolerance

A
  • Decreased sensitivity to a drug as a consequence of exposure to it
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4
Q

Cross tolerance

A

exposure to one drug can produce tolerance to similar drugs

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5
Q

Metabolic

tolerance

A

Less drug is getting to the site of action

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6
Q

Functional drug tolerance

A

Decreased responsiveness at the site of action, fewer receptors, decreased efficiency of binding at receptors, receptors less responsive

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7
Q

Contingent drug tolerance

A

Tolerance only develops to drug effects that are experienced

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8
Q

Conditioned drug tolerance

A

Maximal tolerance effects are seen in the environment in which a drug is usually taken

EX: going to the same place to take drug…body will prepare itself and try to compensate for it

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9
Q

What kind of drug is tobacco?

A

a stimulant

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10
Q

Parts of the brain effected by nicotine

A
  • Increases Dopamine in the mesocorticolimbic system
  • Activates a subclass of acetylcholine receptor called nicotinic receptors
  • These receptors are widespread and are on presynaptic terminals of DA-releasing, Ach-releasing, and glutamate-releasing neurons
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11
Q

what kind of drug is Alcohol

A

depressant

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12
Q

How alcohol effects the brain

A

Increases DA in the mesocorticolimbic system

  • Reduce calcium flow in neurons (reducing the amount of NT being released…making brain less excited and forgetful memory)
  • Acticates GABA….hyperplorizes cell…inhibits neurons

Triggers apoptosis-cell death!

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13
Q

Severe alcohol withdrawal in three phases:

A

5-6 hrs post-drinking: tremors, nausea, sweating, vomiting, etc.

15-30 hrs: convulsive activity

24-48 hrs: delirium tremens – may last 3-4 days

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14
Q

Antabuse, or disulfiram alcohol treamtment

A

drug that interferes with the metabolism of alcohol

produces an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the bloodstream

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15
Q

Marijuana in high doses

A

High doses impair short-term memory and interfere with tasks involving multiple steps

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16
Q

Weed and the brain

A
  • effects on cannabinoid receptors
  • cannabinoid receptors found in presynaptic nerve terminals
  • act to Ca2+ influx and facilitate K+ channels
  • inhibits neurotransmitters
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17
Q

Possible correlation between marijuana use ….

A

schizophrenia

18
Q

Medicinal Uses of Marijuana

A

Treats nausea

Blocks seizures

Dilates bronchioles of asthmatics

Decreases severity of glaucoma

Reduces some forms of pain (tolerance of)

19
Q

Brain on Cocaine

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine, noremnephrine, and serotonin , promoting happiness and spazziness

increases dopamine in the mesocortilimbic system

20
Q

unique to cocaine…

A

stumulant

Do not develop tolerance…you may be more sensitive to convulsive effects

Too much cocaine leads to cocaine psychosis- paranoid symptoms

Coke heads use it in binge

Although highly addictive, withdrawal is relatively mild

21
Q

MDMA (“ecstasy”)

A

stimulant

Impairs executive function, inhibitory control, and decision making (as shown by cortex and limbic functional brain scan abnormalities)

22
Q

Methamphetamine

A

stimulant

low dosages – increased alertness, concentration, and energy

high doses - mania with accompanying euphoria, feelings of self-esteem and increased libido

Highly addictive

23
Q

meth in the brain

A

Causes DA, NE, and 5HT to release into synaptic cleft

Indirectly blocks reuptake of DA, NE, and 5HT

24
Q

what kind of drugs are Heroin and Morphine?

A

opiates

25
Q

Mu2 receptors on brain, stem, and spinal chord

A

Brain – esp. thalamus and mesocorticolimbic system – euphoric effects

Brain stem – slows respiration…breath a lot slower

Spinal cord – analgesic effect….inability to feel…numbing

26
Q

Mu- receptor binding effects

A

depresses the brain

inhibits Neurotransmitter release

Increase sodium conductance

calcium inactivation

27
Q

methadone (meth treatment)

A

Methadone binds to similar receptors as heroin (semisynthetic opiate)

Produces less pleasure

Administered orally

Prevents withdrawal

28
Q

Buprenorphine

A

similar to methadone but longer lasting

29
Q

theories of addiction: Physical-dependence theory

A

dependence due to pain of withdrawal

treatment- stop drug dependance

problems w/theory:

  • addicts relapse long after detoxification
  • individuals begin using drugs
  • addictions develop to drugs that do not produce severe withdrawal symptoms
30
Q

theories of addiction: Incentive-sensitization theory

A

doing because you like it and it’s pleasurable effects

31
Q

Positive-incentive value

A

the anticipated pleasure associated with the action (taking the drug)…wanting of the drug…anticipated pleasure…goes up due to the memory of doing drugs

32
Q

Hedonic value

A

liking

– the actual pleasure experienced

  • always going down bc you are developing a tolerance to it.
  • expected pleasure increases but actual pleasure decreases
33
Q

Causes of Relapse

A

Stress – drug use as a coping mechanism

Priming – a single exposure leads to a relapse

Environmental cues

34
Q

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)

A

the repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain brain regions

35
Q

Reward Center in the Brain

A

Mesotelencephalic dopamine system:

system of dopaminergic neurons that project from mesencephalon (midbrain) to telencephalon

36
Q

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway and Reward

A

Self-stimulation sites that do not contain dopaminergic neurons project here

Increase in dopamine release seen here in self-stimulation studies

Dopamine agonists tend to increase self-stimulation and antagonists to decrease

Lesions of the mesocorticolimbic pathway disrupts self-stimulation

37
Q

the effects of dopamine receptors by addiction…

A

dopamine receptors are decreased by addiction

due to over stimulation of dopamine receptors

brain down regulating

38
Q

Brain Regions Associated with Reward

A

Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) produces DA and send it to Nucleus Accumbens (NA)

39
Q

lesions in Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens result in

A

no pleasure or motivation…motivation is very important for pleasure

40
Q

Nucleus Acumbens important for

A

addictive and motivated behavior

41
Q

VTA is

A

experience

fires in response to stimuli at a rate proportional to it’s reward value

42
Q

NA is

A

expectation

DA released here is related to the expectation of reward

bio psy (7 decks)

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