Learning and Memory Flashcards
Brain structure for primitive emotional and survival response~ such as fight or flight and feeding and mating
Hypothalamus
HIghest cognitive funcitons.. affords control over emotions
Frontal Cortex
Production and appreciation of art
Prefrontal cortex
Key for storage of emtional memories
Amygdala
Brain structure that provides episodic memory
Hippocampus
An overacted hypothalamus (during high stress situations) will inhibit the _______ and let the more primitive responses win out
frontal cortex
Key for judgment, decision making, morality, compassion and responsibility
Frontal cortex
when is the frontal cortex fully developed?
Not until age 20
The elephant art gallery displayed that elephants have a very large _______
Frontal cortex
motor control, spatial ability, emotion and memory
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala will receive info from the _____ and send it back
frontal cortex
Necessary for us to remember the details of our lives
hippocampus
Storage of emotional memories—activated and inhibited by Emtionality
HIppocampus
HIppocampus is located very close to the
amygdala
for explicit, episodic or declaritive memory and highly susceptible to disrupt by stress
Hippocampus
- synaptic plasticity:
ability of synapses to change strength in response to expereince and a cellular model of learning and memory
Glutamatergic receptors:
________—basal synaptic transmission
AMPA receptors
______—blocked by Mg++ and activated when cells are depolarized. Important for synaptic plasticity
NMDA receptors
NMDA receptors—blocked by Mg++ and activated when _______. Important for synaptic plasticity
cells are depolarized
Ligand binding causes the AMPARs to open, and _____flows into the postsynaptic cell, resulting in a depolarization
Na+
NMDARs can open only when a
depolarization from the AMPAR activation leads to repulsion of the Mg2+ cation out into the extracellular space, allowing the pore to pass current.
NMDARs are permeable to
both Na+ and Ca2+
The Ca2+ that enters the cell triggers the upregulation of AMPARs to the membrane, which results in a
long-lasting increase in EPSP size underlying LTP.
The calcium entry though NMDA will _________, which phosphorylates AMPARs, increasing their single-channel conductance.
phosphorylates CaMKII
LTP has two phases
induction; when you first aquire the memory
maintenence
Water maze measures
spatial memory (a hippocampal dependent task)
Fear conditioning:
cued fear conditioning involves ______
amygdala- dependent task
Fear conditioning:
contexual fear conditioning involves
hippocampus and amygdala
We study learning and memory from what 3 levels
Behavior
Cellular
Molecular
Long Term potentiation on a cellular level will
enhance synaptic strength
Long term depression (LTD) on a cellular level will
depress synaptic strength
once you reach baseline and induce it the same actiation and/or same stimulation will result in higher responses
LTP
enZ that phosphorylates targets and important for LTP
CaMKII
enZ (phosphatase) that dephosphorylates targets and important for LTD
Calcineurin
_______ controls the synapticp plasticity balance thorugh its regulation of CaM availability
Neuroagranin
Function of Neuroagranin
controls the synapticp plasticity balance thorugh its regulation of CaM availability
high CaM→ CaMKII (more abundant)→ see
LTP
Low CaM→ Calcineurin (high affnity)→
LTD
As we age we see an increase or decrease in Neuroagranin
Decrease
What does the decrease in Ng as we get older result in?
throws off balance of LTP and LTD
–see increase in LTD d/t the decrease of Ng making it easier to potentiate Calceneurin (which favors LTD)
Cognition and emotion are localized in
different brain structures
Synaptic Plasticity is the best cellular correlate for
Learning and memory
