Learning and Memory

Question 1

Brain structure for primitive emotional and survival response~ such as fight or flight and feeding and mating

Answer 1

Hypothalamus

Question 2

HIghest cognitive funcitons.. affords control over emotions

Answer 2

Frontal Cortex

Question 3

Production and appreciation of art

Answer 3

Prefrontal cortex

Question 4

Key for storage of emtional memories

Answer 4

Amygdala

Question 5

Brain structure that provides episodic memory

Answer 5

Hippocampus

Question 6

An overacted hypothalamus (during high stress situations) will inhibit the _______ and let the more primitive responses win out

Answer 6

frontal cortex

Question 7

Key for judgment, decision making, morality, compassion and responsibility

Answer 7

Frontal cortex

Question 8

when is the frontal cortex fully developed?

Answer 8

Not until age 20

Question 9

The elephant art gallery displayed that elephants have a very large _______

Answer 9

Frontal cortex

Question 10

motor control, spatial ability, emotion and memory

Answer 10

Prefrontal cortex

Question 11

Amygdala will receive info from the _____ and send it back

Answer 11

frontal cortex

Question 12

Necessary for us to remember the details of our lives

Answer 12

hippocampus

Question 13

Storage of emotional memories—activated and inhibited by Emtionality

Answer 13

HIppocampus

Question 14

HIppocampus is located very close to the

Answer 14

amygdala

Question 15

for explicit, episodic or declaritive memory and highly susceptible to disrupt by stress

Answer 15

Hippocampus

Question 16

• synaptic plasticity:

Answer 16

ability of synapses to change strength in response to expereince and a cellular model of learning and memory

Question 17

Glutamatergic receptors:

________—basal synaptic transmission

Answer 17

AMPA receptors

Question 18

______—blocked by Mg++ and activated when cells are depolarized. Important for synaptic plasticity

Answer 18

NMDA receptors

Question 19

NMDA receptors—blocked by Mg++ and activated when _______. Important for synaptic plasticity

Answer 19

cells are depolarized

Question 20

Ligand binding causes the AMPARs to open, and _____flows into the postsynaptic cell, resulting in a depolarization

Answer 20

Na+

Question 21

NMDARs can open only when a

Answer 21

depolarization from the AMPAR activation leads to repulsion of the Mg2+ cation out into the extracellular space, allowing the pore to pass current.

Question 22

NMDARs are permeable to

Answer 22

both Na+ and Ca2+

Question 23

The Ca2+ that enters the cell triggers the upregulation of AMPARs to the membrane, which results in a

Answer 23

long-lasting increase in EPSP size underlying LTP.

Question 24

The calcium entry though NMDA will _________, which phosphorylates AMPARs, increasing their single-channel conductance.

Answer 24

phosphorylates CaMKII

Question 25

LTP has two phases

Answer 25

induction; when you first aquire the memory

maintenence

Question 26

Water maze measures

Answer 26

spatial memory (a hippocampal dependent task)

Question 27

Fear conditioning:

cued fear conditioning involves ______

Answer 27

amygdala- dependent task

Question 28

Fear conditioning:

contexual fear conditioning involves

Answer 28

hippocampus and amygdala

Question 29

We study learning and memory from what 3 levels

Answer 29

Behavior
Cellular
Molecular

Question 30

Long Term potentiation on a cellular level will

Answer 30

enhance synaptic strength

Question 31

Long term depression (LTD) on a cellular level will

Answer 31

depress synaptic strength

Question 32

once you reach baseline and induce it the same actiation and/or same stimulation will result in higher responses

Answer 32

LTP

Question 33

enZ that phosphorylates targets and important for LTP

Answer 33

CaMKII

Question 34

enZ (phosphatase) that dephosphorylates targets and important for LTD

Answer 34

Calcineurin

Question 35

_______ controls the synapticp plasticity balance thorugh its regulation of CaM availability

Answer 35

Neuroagranin

Question 36

Function of Neuroagranin

Answer 36

controls the synapticp plasticity balance thorugh its regulation of CaM availability

Question 37

high CaM→ CaMKII (more abundant)→ see

Answer 37

LTP

Question 38

Low CaM→ Calcineurin (high affnity)→

Answer 38

LTD

Question 39

As we age we see an increase or decrease in Neuroagranin

Answer 39

Decrease

Question 40

What does the decrease in Ng as we get older result in?

Answer 40

throws off balance of LTP and LTD

–see increase in LTD d/t the decrease of Ng making it easier to potentiate Calceneurin (which favors LTD)

Question 41

Cognition and emotion are localized in

Answer 41

different brain structures

Question 42

Synaptic Plasticity is the best cellular correlate for

Answer 42

Learning and memory