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Bio Psych > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of amnesia

A

retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

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2
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

difficulty retrieving memories before onset of amnesia

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3
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

inablity to form new memories

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4
Q

What is declarative memory

A

Brain area: Medial temporal lobe and hippocampus
facts and events
Episodic and semantic

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5
Q

What is episodic memory

A

remembering the first day of school
personal memory(events)

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6
Q

What is semantic memory

A

remembering the capital of America
general knowledge(Facts)

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7
Q

What is Non Declarative Memory

A

procedural memory skills and habits, classical conditioning, emotional responses

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8
Q

H.M.

A

hippocampus removed to cure severe epilepsy, normal short term memory, no new declarative long term memories, some retrograde amnesia, was still able to remember skills and habits

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9
Q

Mirror Star Trials

A

Trial 1= a lot of errors
Trial 2= fewer errors
Trial 3= little to no errors
shows he can learn skills without remembering that he did them

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10
Q

N.A.

A

Damage to dorsal medial Thalamus and mammillary bodies, retro and anterograde deficit in declarative memory

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11
Q

Korsakoff Alcoholics with thiamine defiency

A

difficulting with anterograde and retrograde amnesia, diseased dorsal medial thalamus and mammillary bodies

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12
Q

K.C.

A

Damage to left frontal-parietal ctx and right parietal occipital ctx, hippocampal area, no personal memory but had generalized knowledge

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13
Q

What are the similarities between Korsakoff and N.A.

A

They both have damage to the dorsal medial thalamus and mammillary bodies

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14
Q

What are the similarities between H.M. and K.C.

A

both have damage to the hippocampus

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15
Q

Which ones have non declarative memory but no declarative memory

A

H.M., N.A. and korsakoff

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16
Q

PKU

A

lack enzyme that breaks down phenylalamine

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17
Q

Down syndrome

A

caused from mother’s age, low IQ

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18
Q

Fragile X

A

abnormal number of Trineuleotide repeats, more in boys, causes autism

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19
Q

What causes memory impairment

A

hippocampal shrinkage from aging

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20
Q

Alzheimers

A

decline in cerebellar metabolism and intellect

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21
Q

Beta Amyloid placts

A

form the outside neurons, formed by the cutting of APP

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22
Q

Neuro fibrillary tangles

A

form inside neuron, has TAU protein

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23
Q

Loss of Basal Forebrain

A

Loss of ACH causes loss of learning and memory, leads to Alzheimer’s

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24
Q

What causes amyloplasts

A

APP cut by B-serctose and presiniline

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25
What is priming
change in processing of a stimulus because of prior exposure
26
Memory has
temporal stages
27
What are sensory memories
reflects continuation of sensory(visual, sounds etc) neural activity, short, super short
28
How long do short term memories last
last seconds
29
How long do intermediate memories last
last seconds to minutes
30
How long do long term memories(LTM) last
minutes to years
31
Short term leads to
intermediate memories then to long term memories
32
How are they different(short term and long term memory)
anatomical cases suggest they are different behavioral studies show a difference for recalling items that are present first or last
33
What is the primacy effect
superior recall for the start of the list
34
What is the recency effect
superior recall for the end of the list
35
MTL
hippocampus surrounding areas, important for strengthening declarative memory
36
Delayed non-match-to-sample task
last week a monkey is trained to pick a new object for a reward, today monkey can't see, but now there is a key and a new item, a bowl, monkey picks up the bowl and gets a reward, new trial there is spoon and bowl, monkey picks up the spoon and gets a reward, this shows declarative episodic, monkey is updating info with current object
37
What does amygdala do
emotion
38
what does caudate nucleus
motor memory
39
what does hippocampal formation do
time(learning over time), knowing where you are in an area(space
40
Extrastriate cortex
sensory perception
41
What are the memory process for declarative memory
encoding--->consolidation--->retrieval
42
What is encoding
Brain area: prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal cortex infor goes from sensory channels to STM
43
What is consolidation
Brain area: hippocampus storage of memory into LTM
44
What is retrieval
Brain area: ctx where memory is stored recalling memory
45
What happened withe UCSD monkeys?
some monkeys received surgery, others did not, both hippocampi were removed, and all monkeys were trained on a bunch of different stuff. The monkeys that received the surgery were a lot worse for the previous two weeks, and this is because the memories had not gone through consolidation yet
46
What happened to UC Irvine
emotionally charged pictures would induce a greater activation of the amygdala and greater memory if given propranolol(epinephrine antagonist), the patients do not show memory enhancement for emotionally charged pictures
47
What happens to a cell after it goes through an experience
After an experience, more NT is released or more receptors, or both any one of these 3 can happen making a bigger response
48
Neurons that fire together
wire together
49
What is the dual trace hypothesis
memory encoded by brief change in ????????????????????????
50
What does training do to memory
Training or experince in various environments leads to brain changes,
51
What is eye deprivation
they took the eyes and it changed the brain
52
What is LTP
long-lasting increase in response after Pre-synapse neurons receive high frequency stimulation
53
Explain LTP
Before: weak synapse and weak stimulation= no post synaptic response Then: cells receives high-frequency stimulation After: weak stimulation triggers enhanced post synaptic response
54
What is binocular deprivation
no light for a few weeks during the development, causes loss of dendritic spines and synaptic density
55
Sensitive period
period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by experience
56
amblyopia
reduced visual acuity that's not caused by optical or retinal impairments, eye becomes functionally blind
57
monocular deprivation
leads to structural and functional changes in TH and V1
58
Ocular dominance
VCtx neurons(outside of L 4) respond equally to light presented to either eye
59
ocular dominace histogram
describes a neurons response to stimuli presented to the left or right eye
60
exposure to visual patterns
tunes visual system
61
synapses that grow stronger or weaker depending on their
effectiveness in driving their target cell
62
What is aphasia
language impairment caused by brain injury
63
What is Broca's aphasia
left inferior frontal region, difficulty producing speech
64
What is Wernicke's aphasia
left superior temporal region, difficulty understanding written or spoken language
65
What is global aphasia
total loss of ability to speak of understand language
66
What is lateralization
Some functional systems are associated with one hemisphere more than other
67
What happened in the split brain experiments
split brain individuals, hemispheric connections are damaged item in left visual field is processed in right hemisphere right hemisphere can't name right better at spatial processing
68
What brain area was Phineas gage affected with
prefrontal damage(orbitofrontal) after work accident(pole through head)
69
What symptoms did phineas gage have
apathetic, shallow emotions, uninhibited, diminished motor activity
70
What is perseverate
continues to show a behavior
71
What is utilization behavior
exaggerated dependence on the environment for behavioral cues
72
What is astereognosis
inability to recognize objects by touch or active manipulation
73
What is prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
74
What is hemispatial neglect
neglect of the left side of the body and space(right inferior parietal)

Bio Psych (10 decks)

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