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Bio Psych > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of amnesia

A

retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

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2
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

difficulty retrieving memories before onset of amnesia

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3
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

inablity to form new memories

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4
Q

What is declarative memory

A

Brain area: Medial temporal lobe and hippocampus
facts and events
Episodic and semantic

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5
Q

What is episodic memory

A

remembering the first day of school
personal memory(events)

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6
Q

What is semantic memory

A

remembering the capital of America
general knowledge(Facts)

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7
Q

What is Non Declarative Memory

A

procedural memory skills and habits, classical conditioning, emotional responses

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8
Q

H.M.

A

hippocampus removed to cure severe epilepsy, normal short term memory, no new declarative long term memories, some retrograde amnesia, was still able to remember skills and habits

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9
Q

Mirror Star Trials

A

Trial 1= a lot of errors
Trial 2= fewer errors
Trial 3= little to no errors
shows he can learn skills without remembering that he did them

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10
Q

N.A.

A

Damage to dorsal medial Thalamus and mammillary bodies, retro and anterograde deficit in declarative memory

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11
Q

Korsakoff Alcoholics with thiamine defiency

A

difficulting with anterograde and retrograde amnesia, diseased dorsal medial thalamus and mammillary bodies

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12
Q

K.C.

A

Damage to left frontal-parietal ctx and right parietal occipital ctx, hippocampal area, no personal memory but had generalized knowledge

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13
Q

What are the similarities between Korsakoff and N.A.

A

They both have damage to the dorsal medial thalamus and mammillary bodies

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14
Q

What are the similarities between H.M. and K.C.

A

both have damage to the hippocampus

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15
Q

Which ones have non declarative memory but no declarative memory

A

H.M., N.A. and korsakoff

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16
Q

PKU

A

lack enzyme that breaks down phenylalamine

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17
Q

Down syndrome

A

caused from mother’s age, low IQ

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18
Q

Fragile X

A

abnormal number of Trineuleotide repeats, more in boys, causes autism

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19
Q

What causes memory impairment

A

hippocampal shrinkage from aging

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20
Q

Alzheimers

A

decline in cerebellar metabolism and intellect

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21
Q

Beta Amyloid placts

A

form the outside neurons, formed by the cutting of APP

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22
Q

Neuro fibrillary tangles

A

form inside neuron, has TAU protein

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23
Q

Loss of Basal Forebrain

A

Loss of ACH causes loss of learning and memory, leads to Alzheimer’s

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24
Q

What causes amyloplasts

A

APP cut by B-serctose and presiniline

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25
Q

What is priming

A

change in processing of a stimulus because of prior exposure

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26
Q

Memory has

A

temporal stages

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27
Q

What are sensory memories

A

reflects continuation of sensory(visual, sounds etc) neural activity, short, super short

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28
Q

How long do short term memories last

A

last seconds

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29
Q

How long do intermediate memories last

A

last seconds to minutes

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30
Q

How long do long term memories(LTM) last

A

minutes to years

31
Q

Short term leads to

A

intermediate memories then to long term memories

32
Q

How are they different(short term and long term memory)

A

anatomical cases suggest they are different
behavioral studies show a difference for recalling items that are present first or last

33
Q

What is the primacy effect

A

superior recall for the start of the list

34
Q

What is the recency effect

A

superior recall for the end of the list

35
Q

MTL

A

hippocampus surrounding areas, important for strengthening declarative memory

36
Q

Delayed non-match-to-sample task

A

last week a monkey is trained to pick a new object for a reward, today monkey can’t see, but now there is a key and a new item, a bowl, monkey picks up the bowl and gets a reward, new trial there is spoon and bowl, monkey picks up the spoon and gets a reward, this shows declarative episodic, monkey is updating info with current object

37
Q

What does amygdala do

A

emotion

38
Q

what does caudate nucleus

A

motor memory

39
Q

what does hippocampal formation do

A

time(learning over time), knowing where you are in an area(space

40
Q

Extrastriate cortex

A

sensory perception

41
Q

What are the memory process for declarative memory

A

encoding—>consolidation—>retrieval

42
Q

What is encoding

A

Brain area: prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal cortex
infor goes from sensory channels to STM

43
Q

What is consolidation

A

Brain area: hippocampus
storage of memory into LTM

44
Q

What is retrieval

A

Brain area: ctx
where memory is stored
recalling memory

45
Q

What happened withe UCSD monkeys?

A

some monkeys received surgery, others did not, both hippocampi were removed, and all monkeys were trained on a bunch of different stuff. The monkeys that received the surgery were a lot worse for the previous two weeks, and this is because the memories had not gone through consolidation yet

46
Q

What happened to UC Irvine

A

emotionally charged pictures would induce a greater activation of the amygdala and greater memory
if given propranolol(epinephrine antagonist), the patients do not show memory enhancement for emotionally charged pictures

47
Q

What happens to a cell after it goes through an experience

A

After an experience, more NT is released or more receptors, or both
any one of these 3 can happen making a bigger response

48
Q

Neurons that fire together

A

wire together

49
Q

What is the dual trace hypothesis

A

memory encoded by brief change in ????????????????????????

50
Q

What does training do to memory

A

Training or experince in various environments leads to brain changes,

51
Q

What is eye deprivation

A

they took the eyes and it changed the brain

52
Q

What is LTP

A

long-lasting increase in response after Pre-synapse neurons receive high frequency stimulation

53
Q

Explain LTP

A

Before: weak synapse and weak stimulation= no post synaptic response
Then: cells receives high-frequency stimulation
After: weak stimulation triggers enhanced post synaptic response

54
Q

What is binocular deprivation

A

no light for a few weeks during the development, causes loss of dendritic spines and synaptic density

55
Q

Sensitive period

A

period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by experience

56
Q

amblyopia

A

reduced visual acuity that’s not caused by optical or retinal impairments, eye becomes functionally blind

57
Q

monocular deprivation

A

leads to structural and functional changes in TH and V1

58
Q

Ocular dominance

A

VCtx neurons(outside of L 4) respond equally to light presented to either eye

59
Q

ocular dominace histogram

A

describes a neurons response to stimuli presented to the left or right eye

60
Q

exposure to visual patterns

A

tunes visual system

61
Q

synapses that grow stronger or weaker depending on their

A

effectiveness in driving their target cell

62
Q

What is aphasia

A

language impairment caused by brain injury

63
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia

A

left inferior frontal region, difficulty producing speech

64
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia

A

left superior temporal region, difficulty understanding written or spoken language

65
Q

What is global aphasia

A

total loss of ability to speak of understand language

66
Q

What is lateralization

A

Some functional systems are associated with one hemisphere more than other

67
Q

What happened in the split brain experiments

A

split brain individuals, hemispheric connections are damaged
item in left visual field is processed in right hemisphere
right hemisphere can’t name
right better at spatial processing

68
Q

What brain area was Phineas gage affected with

A

prefrontal damage(orbitofrontal)
after work accident(pole through head)

69
Q

What symptoms did phineas gage have

A

apathetic, shallow emotions, uninhibited, diminished motor activity

70
Q

What is perseverate

A

continues to show a behavior

71
Q

What is utilization behavior

A

exaggerated dependence on the environment for behavioral cues

72
Q

What is astereognosis

A

inability to recognize objects by touch or active manipulation

73
Q

What is prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces

74
Q

What is hemispatial neglect

A

neglect of the left side of the body and space(right inferior parietal)

Bio Psych (10 decks)

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