Learning and Memory Flashcards
What are the two types of amnesia
retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia
difficulty retrieving memories before onset of amnesia
What is anterograde amnesia
inablity to form new memories
What is declarative memory
Brain area: Medial temporal lobe and hippocampus
facts and events
Episodic and semantic
What is episodic memory
remembering the first day of school
personal memory(events)
What is semantic memory
remembering the capital of America
general knowledge(Facts)
What is Non Declarative Memory
procedural memory skills and habits, classical conditioning, emotional responses
H.M.
hippocampus removed to cure severe epilepsy, normal short term memory, no new declarative long term memories, some retrograde amnesia, was still able to remember skills and habits
Mirror Star Trials
Trial 1= a lot of errors
Trial 2= fewer errors
Trial 3= little to no errors
shows he can learn skills without remembering that he did them
N.A.
Damage to dorsal medial Thalamus and mammillary bodies, retro and anterograde deficit in declarative memory
Korsakoff Alcoholics with thiamine defiency
difficulting with anterograde and retrograde amnesia, diseased dorsal medial thalamus and mammillary bodies
K.C.
Damage to left frontal-parietal ctx and right parietal occipital ctx, hippocampal area, no personal memory but had generalized knowledge
What are the similarities between Korsakoff and N.A.
They both have damage to the dorsal medial thalamus and mammillary bodies
What are the similarities between H.M. and K.C.
both have damage to the hippocampus
Which ones have non declarative memory but no declarative memory
H.M., N.A. and korsakoff
PKU
lack enzyme that breaks down phenylalamine
Down syndrome
caused from mother’s age, low IQ
Fragile X
abnormal number of Trineuleotide repeats, more in boys, causes autism
What causes memory impairment
hippocampal shrinkage from aging
Alzheimers
decline in cerebellar metabolism and intellect
Beta Amyloid placts
form the outside neurons, formed by the cutting of APP
Neuro fibrillary tangles
form inside neuron, has TAU protein
Loss of Basal Forebrain
Loss of ACH causes loss of learning and memory, leads to Alzheimer’s
What causes amyloplasts
APP cut by B-serctose and presiniline
What is priming
change in processing of a stimulus because of prior exposure
Memory has
temporal stages
What are sensory memories
reflects continuation of sensory(visual, sounds etc) neural activity, short, super short
How long do short term memories last
last seconds
How long do intermediate memories last
last seconds to minutes
How long do long term memories(LTM) last
minutes to years
Short term leads to
intermediate memories then to long term memories
How are they different(short term and long term memory)
anatomical cases suggest they are different
behavioral studies show a difference for recalling items that are present first or last
What is the primacy effect
superior recall for the start of the list
What is the recency effect
superior recall for the end of the list
MTL
hippocampus surrounding areas, important for strengthening declarative memory
Delayed non-match-to-sample task
last week a monkey is trained to pick a new object for a reward, today monkey can’t see, but now there is a key and a new item, a bowl, monkey picks up the bowl and gets a reward, new trial there is spoon and bowl, monkey picks up the spoon and gets a reward, this shows declarative episodic, monkey is updating info with current object
What does amygdala do
emotion
what does caudate nucleus
motor memory
what does hippocampal formation do
time(learning over time), knowing where you are in an area(space
Extrastriate cortex
sensory perception
What are the memory process for declarative memory
encoding—>consolidation—>retrieval
What is encoding
Brain area: prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal cortex
infor goes from sensory channels to STM
What is consolidation
Brain area: hippocampus
storage of memory into LTM
What is retrieval
Brain area: ctx
where memory is stored
recalling memory
What happened withe UCSD monkeys?
some monkeys received surgery, others did not, both hippocampi were removed, and all monkeys were trained on a bunch of different stuff. The monkeys that received the surgery were a lot worse for the previous two weeks, and this is because the memories had not gone through consolidation yet
What happened to UC Irvine
emotionally charged pictures would induce a greater activation of the amygdala and greater memory
if given propranolol(epinephrine antagonist), the patients do not show memory enhancement for emotionally charged pictures
What happens to a cell after it goes through an experience
After an experience, more NT is released or more receptors, or both
any one of these 3 can happen making a bigger response
Neurons that fire together
wire together
What is the dual trace hypothesis
memory encoded by brief change in ????????????????????????
What does training do to memory
Training or experince in various environments leads to brain changes,
What is eye deprivation
they took the eyes and it changed the brain
What is LTP
long-lasting increase in response after Pre-synapse neurons receive high frequency stimulation
Explain LTP
Before: weak synapse and weak stimulation= no post synaptic response
Then: cells receives high-frequency stimulation
After: weak stimulation triggers enhanced post synaptic response
What is binocular deprivation
no light for a few weeks during the development, causes loss of dendritic spines and synaptic density
Sensitive period
period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by experience
amblyopia
reduced visual acuity that’s not caused by optical or retinal impairments, eye becomes functionally blind
monocular deprivation
leads to structural and functional changes in TH and V1
Ocular dominance
VCtx neurons(outside of L 4) respond equally to light presented to either eye
ocular dominace histogram
describes a neurons response to stimuli presented to the left or right eye
exposure to visual patterns
tunes visual system
synapses that grow stronger or weaker depending on their
effectiveness in driving their target cell
What is aphasia
language impairment caused by brain injury
What is Broca’s aphasia
left inferior frontal region, difficulty producing speech
What is Wernicke’s aphasia
left superior temporal region, difficulty understanding written or spoken language
What is global aphasia
total loss of ability to speak of understand language
What is lateralization
Some functional systems are associated with one hemisphere more than other
What happened in the split brain experiments
split brain individuals, hemispheric connections are damaged
item in left visual field is processed in right hemisphere
right hemisphere can’t name
right better at spatial processing
What brain area was Phineas gage affected with
prefrontal damage(orbitofrontal)
after work accident(pole through head)
What symptoms did phineas gage have
apathetic, shallow emotions, uninhibited, diminished motor activity
What is perseverate
continues to show a behavior
What is utilization behavior
exaggerated dependence on the environment for behavioral cues
What is astereognosis
inability to recognize objects by touch or active manipulation
What is prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
What is hemispatial neglect
neglect of the left side of the body and space(right inferior parietal)
