Hearing

Question 1

decibles

Answer 1

measure of sound intensity

Question 2

Frequency

Answer 2

number of sound wave cycles per second

Question 3

External ear

Answer 3

captures, focuses, and filters sound
Pinna
ear canal

Question 4

Middle ear

Answer 4

concentrates sound energies
tympanic membrane
Ossicles

Question 5

tympanic membrane

Answer 5

eardrum

Question 6

ossicles

Answer 6

Bones:
malleus
Incus
Stapes
Focus vibrations of the tympanic membrane onto the oral window

Question 7

Muscles attached to ossicles

Answer 7

tensor tympani(stapedius)

Question 8

Internal Ear

Answer 8

auditory portion(cochlea)

Question 9

3 parallel canals filled with fluid

Answer 9

tympanic canal, middle canal, vestibular canal

Question 10

Basilar membrane

Answer 10

flexible; separates tympanic from middle canal

Question 11

Organ of Corti

Answer 11

elements that transduce sounds

Question 12

Hair cells

Answer 12

transmit acoustic stimulation

Question 13

stereocilia

Answer 13

small stiff hairs that extend from the top of hair cells

Question 14

tectorial membrane

Answer 14

lies on top of organ Corti; stereocilia extend into it

Question 15

Steps of Conduction of Sound

Answer 15

1. sounds vibrate the eardrum
2. the vibrations pass along the ossicles to the oval window
3. causing the basilar membrane to vibrate
4. the hair cells in the basilar membrane move, causing the stiff stereocilia to bend and depolarize
   4a. when cilia bend, a link between the cilia is distorted, opening a trapdoor to ion channels
   4b. K+ rushes in depolarizing the cell
   4c. this initial depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at base of hair cell
   4d. synaptic vesicles fuse, the neurotransmitter is released

Question 16

Tip Link

Answer 16

link between cilia

Question 17

Auditory Pathway

Answer 17

8th cranial nerve—> cochlear nuclei-> superior olivary nuclei-> inferior colliculus-> medial geniculate-> auditory cortex

Question 18

Binaural detection

Answer 18

locating position of a sound source using both ears, relies on differences between the stimuli that reach ears

Question 19

Intensity differences

Answer 19

differences in sound intensity at the two ears

Question 20

Latency Difference

Answer 20

difference in sound arrival time at the two ears

Question 21

ACx

Answer 21

analyzes complex sounds

Question 22

Dorsal stream

Answer 22

determines the where of stimulus

Question 23

Ventral stream

Answer 23

determines the what of stimulus

Question 24

conduction

Answer 24

disorder of outer or middle ear

Question 25

sensorineural

Answer 25

disorder of cochlea or VIII cranial nerve

Question 26

Central

Answer 26

disorder of brain auditory regions

Question 27

What can help the three categories of deafness

Answer 27

electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve can help

Question 28

oval window

Question 29

tonotopic organization

Answer 29

seen at different locations
cells for different sounds are found in different areas