Learning

Question 1

Conditioning

Answer 1

learning connections between events in environment

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus, can affect overt behaviours and physiological processes

Question 3

Diagram of classical conditioning

Answer 3

upload

Question 4

What must the UCS and UCR be?

Answer 4

natural, unlearned responses/associations

Question 5

Elicit

Answer 5

draw forth

Question 6

Phobias

Answer 6

classically conditioned, irrational fears of objects/situations

Question 7

Evaluative conditioning

Answer 7

classically conditioned, changes in the liking of a stimulus due to paring with another stimulus. The UCS causes a UCR of +/- emotions/reactions, so the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCR and the CR is the +/- emotions/reactions

Question 8

Explain drug addiction in terms of classical conditioning

Answer 8

stimuli consistently paired with administration of drug elicits CR, but then CR can be compensatory CR, which are the opposite effects of drug. As environment and compensatory effects are stronger, effects of drugs weaken, building tolerance, in change of environment may lead to overdoes, in same without drug may cause cravings and relapse.

Question 9

Classical conditioning: 
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination

Answer 9

Acquisition: stimuli occur together in time and space, constant/special/out of ordinary that are more prone to be paired
Extinction: gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of association, useful for adapting to new situations, when CS presented without paring with UCS
Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of extinguished association after period of non exposure, renewal effect, if response gone in new environment, in old it can reappear
Generalization: responding to stimuli similar to CS, adaptive, amount of generalization depends on similarity, generalization response decreases as similarity decreases
Discrimination: can tell new stimuli similar to original CS apart, from experience, the less similar, the more the discrimination

Question 10

Higher order conditioning

Answer 10

using CS as a UCS to condition another response, does not depend on genuine UCS

Question 11

Cognition of classical conditioning

Answer 11

environmental stimuli serve as cues, better signal for accurate prediction of UCS, ratio not number of parings

Question 12

Example of classical conditioning

Answer 12

usually UCS and CS have to be paired within 30 seconds, but with taste aversion, paring can be hours apart and still be effective, evolutionary trait

Question 13

Preparedness and phobias

Answer 13

species-specific, predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways, tendency to fear what was once a genuine threat

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

association, good or bad, comes after the consequence of a respond to a stimuli

Question 15

Law of effect

Answer 15

Thorndike, if response in present of stimulus led to a satisfying effect then association strenghtened

Question 16

Skinner theory of learning

Answer 16

tendency to repeat responses followed by favourable consequences

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

when event following a response increases the tendency to make response, defined after response
primary- inherently reinforce because they satisfy biological needs
secondary- acquire reinforcing qualities by association to primary

Question 18

Operant chamber

Answer 18

enclosure, specific response to stimuli, consequence controlled

Question 19

Reinforcement contingencies

Answer 19

whether responses lead to reinforcers

Question 20

Cumulative recorder

Answer 20

graphic record of responding and reinforcement
steep slope is rapid response rate
shallow slope is slow respond rate
line never goes down

Question 21

Operant conditioning:
Acquisition
Extinction
Discriminative stimuli
Generalization

Answer 21

Acquisition: responses established thru gradual shaping
Extinction: when response is no longer followed by reinforce, resistance largely dependent on reinforcement schedule
Discriminative stimuli: cues, indicate probable consequences of a response
Generalization: response increases in presence of new stimuli resembling discriminative stimulus

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

weakens response tendency

Question 23

Two types of reinforcement and two types of punishment

Answer 23

Reinforcement: 
\+ adding pleasant stimuli 
- taking away an aversive stimuli 
Punishment:
\+ adding aversive stimuli
- taking away pleasant stimuli

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of desired response

Question 25

Four factors for schedules of reinforcement

Answer 25

Variable: random
Fixed: fixed
Interval: after certain amount of time
Ratio: after certain amount of actions

Question 26

Escape learning

Answer 26

operant conditioning, response decreases to end aversive stimulus

Question 27

Avoidance learning

Answer 27

operant conditioning, response decreases to prevent aversive stimulus

Question 28

Cognitive and latent learning

Answer 28

operant conditioning, learning not apparent from behaviour until reward is presented, then motivates to demonstrate learning

Question 29

Instinctive drift

Answer 29

operant conditioning, when innate response conflicts with conditioned response

Question 30

Observational learning and four requirements

Answer 30

responding influenced by observation of others, conditioned indirectly, requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Question 31

Mirror neurons

Answer 31

activated by performing an action/seeing model perform same action, in frontal and parietal lobe, fMRI scans used to see