Learning Flashcards
Conditioning
learning connections between events in environment
Classical conditioning
a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus, can affect overt behaviours and physiological processes
Diagram of classical conditioning
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What must the UCS and UCR be?
natural, unlearned responses/associations
Elicit
draw forth
Phobias
classically conditioned, irrational fears of objects/situations
Evaluative conditioning
classically conditioned, changes in the liking of a stimulus due to paring with another stimulus. The UCS causes a UCR of +/- emotions/reactions, so the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCR and the CR is the +/- emotions/reactions
Explain drug addiction in terms of classical conditioning
stimuli consistently paired with administration of drug elicits CR, but then CR can be compensatory CR, which are the opposite effects of drug. As environment and compensatory effects are stronger, effects of drugs weaken, building tolerance, in change of environment may lead to overdoes, in same without drug may cause cravings and relapse.
Classical conditioning: Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination
Acquisition: stimuli occur together in time and space, constant/special/out of ordinary that are more prone to be paired
Extinction: gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of association, useful for adapting to new situations, when CS presented without paring with UCS
Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of extinguished association after period of non exposure, renewal effect, if response gone in new environment, in old it can reappear
Generalization: responding to stimuli similar to CS, adaptive, amount of generalization depends on similarity, generalization response decreases as similarity decreases
Discrimination: can tell new stimuli similar to original CS apart, from experience, the less similar, the more the discrimination
Higher order conditioning
using CS as a UCS to condition another response, does not depend on genuine UCS
Cognition of classical conditioning
environmental stimuli serve as cues, better signal for accurate prediction of UCS, ratio not number of parings
Example of classical conditioning
usually UCS and CS have to be paired within 30 seconds, but with taste aversion, paring can be hours apart and still be effective, evolutionary trait
Preparedness and phobias
species-specific, predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways, tendency to fear what was once a genuine threat
Operant conditioning
association, good or bad, comes after the consequence of a respond to a stimuli
Law of effect
Thorndike, if response in present of stimulus led to a satisfying effect then association strenghtened
Skinner theory of learning
tendency to repeat responses followed by favourable consequences
Reinforcement
when event following a response increases the tendency to make response, defined after response
primary- inherently reinforce because they satisfy biological needs
secondary- acquire reinforcing qualities by association to primary
Operant chamber
enclosure, specific response to stimuli, consequence controlled
Reinforcement contingencies
whether responses lead to reinforcers
Cumulative recorder
graphic record of responding and reinforcement
steep slope is rapid response rate
shallow slope is slow respond rate
line never goes down
Operant conditioning: Acquisition Extinction Discriminative stimuli Generalization
Acquisition: responses established thru gradual shaping
Extinction: when response is no longer followed by reinforce, resistance largely dependent on reinforcement schedule
Discriminative stimuli: cues, indicate probable consequences of a response
Generalization: response increases in presence of new stimuli resembling discriminative stimulus
Punishment
weakens response tendency
Two types of reinforcement and two types of punishment
Reinforcement: \+ adding pleasant stimuli - taking away an aversive stimuli Punishment: \+ adding aversive stimuli - taking away pleasant stimuli
Shaping
reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of desired response
Four factors for schedules of reinforcement
Variable: random
Fixed: fixed
Interval: after certain amount of time
Ratio: after certain amount of actions
Escape learning
operant conditioning, response decreases to end aversive stimulus
Avoidance learning
operant conditioning, response decreases to prevent aversive stimulus
Cognitive and latent learning
operant conditioning, learning not apparent from behaviour until reward is presented, then motivates to demonstrate learning
Instinctive drift
operant conditioning, when innate response conflicts with conditioned response
Observational learning and four requirements
responding influenced by observation of others, conditioned indirectly, requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
Mirror neurons
activated by performing an action/seeing model perform same action, in frontal and parietal lobe, fMRI scans used to see
