Human Development Flashcards
Three prenatal stages
Germinal- 2 weeks, implantation, placenta begins to form
Embryonic- end of 2nd week to end of 2nd month, vital organs and bodily systems begin to form, now an embryo, very vulnerable because all physiological structures being formed
Fetal- end of 2nd month to birth, muscles and bones form, now fetus, physical movement, organs function, sex organs develop at 3 months, last 3 months a layer of fat under skin, respiratory and digestive tract mature
Reaches age of viability- 22-26 weeks
Teratogens
external agents that harm embryo or fetus
drug use: impact varies on drug, dose, and phase of development
illnesses and toxins: damage depends on when contracted or exposed
prenatal development can affect adults risk for depression, mood disorders, obesity, diabetes, cancer
malnutrition: birth complications and neurological deficits
Cephalocaudal
head to foot development
Proximodistal
trunk outwards development
Temperament
mood, activity level, emotional reactivity
3 temperament styles
easy: happy, regular sleeping and eating, adaptable
slow to warm up: less cheery, not very regular, slower to adapt to change
difficult: glum, erratic sleeping and eating, resistant to change
Inhibited and uninhibited temperament
Inhibited: shy, timid, wary of unfamiliar people, objects, and events
Uninhibited: less restrained, approaches unfamiliar people with little trepidation
Attachment
close, emotional bonds of affection, appears around 6-8 months, peaks at 14-18 months
4 attachment styles
Secure: comfy with mother, upset at leave, easily soothed
Anxious-ambivalent: anxious with mother present, protest excessively when leave, not comforted by retunr
Avoidant: seek little contact with mother, not upset with leave
Disorganized-disoriented: confused as to approach or avoid, especially insecure
Erikson’s 8 psychological stages
Trust vs mistrust 1 yr
Autonomy vs same/doubt 1-3 yr
Initiative vs guilt 4-6 yr
Industry vs inferiority 6-puberty
Piaget’s stage theory
assimilation: interpreting new experiences with existing mental structures
accommodation: changing existing mental structures for new experiences
Piaget’s 4 stages
sensimotor: 0-2 yrs, coordinate sensory with motor, symbolic thought, object permanence
pre-operational: 2-7 yrs, gradually improve use of mental images, lack conservatism and decentration, have irreversibility and egocentrism
concrete operational: 7-11 yrs, develop centration and reversibility, perform operations on tangible objects and events
formal operational: 11-beyond, operations to abstract concepts
Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development
cognitive development fueled by social interactions, culture affects unfolding, language big part of development
zone of proximal development: there is a gap in what one can learn by themselves and what they can learn with the guidance of more skilled individuals
scaffolding: adjusting level of help to learning progress
habituation: gradual reduction in strength of response when stimulus is repeatedly presented
dishabituation: new stimulus elicits increase in strength of a habituated response
