Learning

Question 1

define: learning

Answer 1

changes in thoughts/behaviour occurring as a result of experience

Question 2

2 types of learning

Answer 2

associative and non associative

Question 3

examples of non associative learning

Answer 3

habituation
-response to stimuli becomes weaker over time
sensitisation
-response to stimuli becomes stronger over time
-usually when stimuli is dangerous or annoying

Question 4

applications of cc?

Answer 4

higher order conditioning
-pair CS with another CS
-eg. walk causes excitement; pair walk with lead, lead with opening draw
fetishes
-pair normal stimlui with sexually arousing one
disgust responses
-pair normal stimuli with disgust responses

Question 5

briefly describe little albert exp

Answer 5

hammer struck metal after rat presented. albert showed fear response.
albert showed fear whenever hammer struck metal

Question 6

describe observational learning

Answer 6

learning by watching others; we dont experience consequences ourselves.

Question 7

describe banduras exp

Answer 7

• Pre-schoolers shown aggressive (verbal and physical abuse at Bobo doll) and non aggressive model
• Put into a room. Experimenter came in and said they had to move. Those who’d been shown the aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive than those shown the non aggressive model

Question 8

what are mirror neurons

Answer 8

neurons that are activated when we watch another organism performing a task; they’re the same ones thatd’d be activated if we were actually doing the task

Question 9

motor neurons are

Answer 9

specific to different behaviours

Question 10

motor neurons in humans are involved in

Answer 10

empathy and emulating movements

Question 11

describe insight learning

Answer 11

suddenly understanding the solution to a problem, then getting it right pretty much every time after that.

Question 12

insight learning example?

Answer 12

Chimps had to get bananas from outside a cage with two bamboo sticks. After pondering, they stuck the two sticks together to react the banana and kept doing this

Question 13

describe latent learning

Answer 13

• Suggests that we can learning isn’t directly observable. For example if reinforced, we may not show learning. However if we are reinforced we’re more likely to show it.

Question 14

experiment for latent learning?

Answer 14

Rats completed a maze; those that were reinforced completed it with fewer errors than those that weren’t. however, after 11 days the non reinforced rats were reinforced; and number of errors became the same. They made cognitive maps of the mase

Question 15

describe conditioned taste aversions

Answer 15

• UCS: food that made you sick ——–> UCR: feel sick
• CS: that food in general —————-> CR: feeling sick to that food
• Hence you avoid the food.

Question 16

differences of conditioned taste aversions to cc?

Answer 16

o Usually acquired after only one tiral
o Longer delay between CS and UCS
o Very specific; generalisation is limited

Question 17

solution to conditioned taste aversions in chemotherapy patients?

Answer 17

give them a food they don’t usually eat so that they don’t have aversions to common food.

Question 18

describe preparedness

Answer 18

we are evolutionarily predisposed to fear certain stimuli more than others (eg. Steep cliffs and poisonous animals rather than a guitar idk.)