Learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Not responding to a stimulus because it has been repeated so much

Question 2

Associative learning

Answer 2

The type of learning where people learn that two things happen together

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Anything that a person responds to

Question 4

Acquisition

Answer 4

The initial stage of learning or conditioning

Question 5

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 5

Used to refer to the process where a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus to produce the same conditioned response

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

The reduction of some responses

Question 7

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 7

The reappearance of a response

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

classical conditioning = the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other, similar stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus (US)
operant conditioning = the ability to tell the difference between a voluntary response and a non-learned response

Question 9

Law of effect

Answer 9

Deals with a stimulus response reaction and is based on the observation that rewards have effects

Question 10

Reinforcement

Answer 10

Process of learning where one learns through observation of reward and punishment rather than direct experience

Question 11

Shaping

Answer 11

Gradually training someone to perform a specific response by rewarding a response similar to the desired response

Question 12

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 12

A stimulus that increases the probability of a response

Question 13

Latent learning

Answer 13

The way of learning that you don’t witness yourself doing it until you are rewarded for doing the action

Question 14

Insight

Answer 14

Sudden realization of how to solve a problem

Question 15

Learned Helplessness

Answer 15

When someone becomes passive towards a stimulus because they believe it can’t be avoided

Question 16

Modeling

Answer 16

Type of learning where an individual learn something by observing someone else do it

Question 17

Albert Bandura

Answer 17

Conductor of the Bobo experiment, which showed that people profit from the mistakes of others through mimicry

Question 18

John Garcia

Answer 18

studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned

Question 19

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 19

Conducted the Pavlov’s dog experiment in which UR, US, CR, and CS were identified through the experiment (Pavlov rang a bell every time he rang a bell. His dog, over time, began to salivate after he heard the bell, without food)

Question 20

Robert Rescorla

Answer 20

American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning

Question 21

BF Skinner

Answer 21

behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism’s reinforcement history; worked with pigeons

Question 22

Edward Thorndike

Answer 22

Learning occurs gradually, positive consequence strengthens personality and morality

Question 23

Edward Tolman

Answer 23

behaviorist, experimented with rats who had explored a maze that had food while they weren’t hungry, and were able to run it correctly on the first trial, because when they entered it they were made hungry

Question 24

John B Watson

Answer 24

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat