Learning Flashcards
Habituation
Not responding to a stimulus because it has been repeated so much
Associative learning
The type of learning where people learn that two things happen together
Stimulus
Anything that a person responds to
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning or conditioning
Higher-order conditioning
Used to refer to the process where a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus to produce the same conditioned response
Extinction
The reduction of some responses
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a response
Discrimination
classical conditioning = the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other, similar stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus (US)
operant conditioning = the ability to tell the difference between a voluntary response and a non-learned response
Law of effect
Deals with a stimulus response reaction and is based on the observation that rewards have effects
Reinforcement
Process of learning where one learns through observation of reward and punishment rather than direct experience
Shaping
Gradually training someone to perform a specific response by rewarding a response similar to the desired response
Discriminative Stimulus
A stimulus that increases the probability of a response
Latent learning
The way of learning that you don’t witness yourself doing it until you are rewarded for doing the action
Insight
Sudden realization of how to solve a problem
Learned Helplessness
When someone becomes passive towards a stimulus because they believe it can’t be avoided
Modeling
Type of learning where an individual learn something by observing someone else do it
Albert Bandura
Conductor of the Bobo experiment, which showed that people profit from the mistakes of others through mimicry
John Garcia
studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned
Ivan Pavlov
Conducted the Pavlov’s dog experiment in which UR, US, CR, and CS were identified through the experiment (Pavlov rang a bell every time he rang a bell. His dog, over time, began to salivate after he heard the bell, without food)
Robert Rescorla
American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning
BF Skinner
behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism’s reinforcement history; worked with pigeons
Edward Thorndike
Learning occurs gradually, positive consequence strengthens personality and morality
Edward Tolman
behaviorist, experimented with rats who had explored a maze that had food while they weren’t hungry, and were able to run it correctly on the first trial, because when they entered it they were made hungry
John B Watson
behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
