Key History and Approaches

Question 0

Charles Darwin

Answer 0

Contributed evolutionary psychology (survival of the fittest)

Question 1

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 1

The first woman American Philosophy Association President, invented the paired association technique (the association of a stimulus with an object), and her work in self-psychology (the study of either the cognitive, conative, or affective representation of one’s identity or the subject of experience)

Question 2

Dorothea Dix

Answer 2

Devotion to the welfare of mentally ill persons led to widespread reform, and the building of 32 institutions in the United States

Question 3

Sigmund Freud

Answer 3

Neurologist known for developing the theories and techniques of psychological theory and therapy aimed at treating mental disorders

Question 4

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 4

President of APA, first American PhD in Psychology, First American lab in Psychology, First American journal in Psychology

Question 5

William James

Answer 5

Studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 6

Developed foundation for classical conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior

Question 7

Jean Piaget

Answer 7

Created a four-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)

Question 8

Carl Rogers

Answer 8

Founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

Question 9

B. F. Skinner

Answer 9

Created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism’s behavior in order to observe the effects of the subsequent behavior

Question 10

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 10

Main contribution was to the study of consciousness and the examination of mental processes and both animals and humans

Question 11

John B. Watson

Answer 11

Generalization-inductive reasoning Mrs. on external behaviors of people and their reactions any given situation

Question 12

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 12

“Father of experimental psychology” the first person to ever call himself a psychologist; noted psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy

Question 13

Empiricism

Answer 13

Approach to psychology that states that all facts come from personal experience

Question 14

Structuralism

Answer 14

The first field of psychology that attempted to explain psychology scientifically

Question 15

Functionalism

Answer 15

Study of psychology in terms of evolution and adaptation

Question 16

Experimental Psychologist

Answer 16

Area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior

Question 17

Behaviorists

Answer 17

An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measure able behavior

Question 18

Humanistic Psychologist

Answer 18

A supporter of a philosophy asserting human dignity and man’s capacity for fulfillment through reason

Question 19

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 19

The scientific study of the nervous system

Question 20

Psychology

Answer 20

The science of behavior and mental processes

Question 21

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 21

Debates over the relative degrees to which one’s genetic makeup and one’s experiences

Question 22

Natural Selection

Answer 22

System of evolution in which only a few survive because they adapted; proposed by Darwin

Question 23

Levels of Analysis

Answer 23

Biological influences (brain and hormones), psychological influences (learned fears and expectations), and social-cultural influences (presence of others)

Question 24

Bio-Psychosocial

Answer 24

Approach stating that biological, psychological, and social factors play a pivotal role in human functioning

Question 25

Behavioral

Answer 25

Of or relating to behavior

Question 26

Biological

Answer 26

The study of the physiological bases of behavior

Question 27

Cognitive

Answer 27

The psychological science studying the processes read underlie thought

Question 28

Evolutionary

Answer 28

Proposal that human cognition she behavior could be better understood by examining them in terms of evolution

Question 29

Psychodynamic

Answer 29

Sees human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality

Question 30

Social-Cultural

Answer 30

The study of manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of the individual influence and are influenced by social groups

Question 31

Psychometrics

Answer 31

Of or relating to the science of measuring mental capacities and processes

Question 32

Psychologists

Answer 32

An expert or specialist in psychology