Learning 3 Flashcards
What is variable ratio reinforcement?
This is when the reinforcement schedule is somewhat random in terms of which number of behaviours will be reinforced
What is variable interval reinforcement?
When the time between when the behaviour is reinforced is somewhat random.
What type of ratio are slot macines?
slot machines are a variable ratio
What type of reinforcement schedule leads to the lowest rate of extinction?
Variable
What is the intermittent reinforcement effect?
Behaviour is more resistant to extinction when reinforcement is discontinuous. (intermittent and discontinuous mean variable)
The more unpredictable the better because it leads to extinction more slowly.
Why is it more effective when rewards are closer to the behaviour?
because there is no room for cognition (thoughts/expectations). Your thoughts and expectations about an outcome can be influenced by how others behave
What were Tolman’s findings?
- rats who were reinforced solved the maze quickly
- rats who were not reinforced, solved the maze slowly
- unreinforced rats solved the maze as quickly as reinforced rats when a reward was introduced
-unreinforced rats had learned to solve the maze in the absence of a reward - suggests a cognitive aspect of learning.
Who came up with the idea of latent learning?
Tolman
What is latent learning?
Learning that takes place but is not observable until the organism is called upon to demonstrate it.
What is latent learning?
Learning that takes place but is not observable until the organism is called upon to demonstrate it.
What is an example of latent learning?
if you were driven to school everyday but your car breaks down you can still walk to school. Even though you have never had to demonstrate this behaviour you were able to figure it out when called upon to do so.
Were behaviourists correct in their belief that the individual has to experience the behaviour in order to learn it?
not necessarily
What is an example of how an individual can learn without directly experiencing a behaviour?
when you saw someone else put their hand up and get a cookie you wanted to do the same thing. This shows that you learned behaviour by watching others experience the behaviour
how does the dog with the leaf disprove that an individual has to experience a behaviour to learn it?
This shows the dog had seen the outcome of the behaviour and had learned by imitating others
Who pioneered the observational learning perspective?
Albert Bandura
