Language and Thought 2 Flashcards
What language milestone would you expect to see at 4-6 months?
babbles consonants
What language milestones would you expect to see at 6-10 months?
understands some words and simple requests. Can no longer reliably distinguish sounds that are not used in their native language.
What language milestones would you expect to see at 10-12 months?
begin to use single words
What language milestones would you expect to see at 12-18 months?
Vocabulary of 30-50 words (simple nouns, adjectives, and action words)
What language milestones would you expect to see at 18-24 months?
Two-word phrases ordered according to syntactic rules. Vocabulary of 50-200 words. Understands rules.
What are functional morphemes used for?
They serve a grammatical purpose. Deal with nouns, places, events.
What is fast mapping? At what age does it develop?
At about 2 years children develop the ability to fast map words. The ability to understand a word without hearing it and the ability to reproduce it in the appropriate context.
What is an example of fast mapping?
Simon’s daughter read the word fled in a picture book. She had ever seen the word before but the illustration had a picture of Elsa running away. When Simon asked what fled meant, she said to run away.
What is overgeneralization?
when you apply the grammatical rules to much, this becomes overgeneralization because it doesn’t work for words like goose and throw
What language milestones would you expect to see at 24-36 months?
Vocabulary of about 1,000 words. Production of phrases and incomplete sentences.
What language milestones would you expect to see at 36-60 months?
Vocabulary grows to more than 10,000 words. Production of full sentences. Mastery of grammatical morphemes (such as -ed for past tense) and function words (such as the, and, but). Can form questions and negotiations.
What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? Who created it? When?
A language which does not have a linguistic feature will struggle when dealing with related concepts
no past tense —- struggle when thinking about the past. Created by Benjamin Whorf (1956)
What did Benjamin wharf believe?
Language shapes the nature of thought
How many words do the Inuit have for snow?
11
What are the criticisms of the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
a lot of “evidence” for this hypothesis is anecdotal
How do we perceive time in English?
Linear
How do they perceive time in Chinese?
Vertical
Proof for benjamin wharfs theory?
English speakers answered it faster when they first saw the horizontal prime and vice versa. This shows that the way we talk about things influences how we categorize and influence information
What is the verdict on the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
Some researchers suggest Worf was “half-right” Language does influence the way we perceive the world
What are the 3 types of problem solving?
- Trial and error
-Algorithm
-Heuristic
What is trial and error?
-puzzles (jigsaw puzzles); connecting to “UBC secure”
- try different solutions till you land on the one that works.
What is an algorithm?
Problem-solving formula with step-by-step instructions
- Ikea instruction; google searches
What is heuristic problem solving?
Rule-of-thumb/mental shortcut (i.e stereotypes)
When doe we use heuristics most?
We use them most often when
– there is too much information
– there is too little time
– we don’t really care (decision unimportant) – there is little information
What is a mental set?
approaching a problem in the same way that has worked in the past… but is not working now.
What results in mental sets?
biases
What is functional fixedness?
Seeing the object of a function as unchanging
What is anchoring bias?
using an initial piece of information (the anchor) to make further judgements
What is confirmation bias?
Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
What is representative bias?
Unintentionally stereotyping someone/something because they look like a good representation
What is availability heuristic?
Information that is readily available is judged as more likely to have happened.
