Learning 2

Question 1

How can classical conditioning explain why adidas dropped kanye?

Answer 1

They didn’t want their clients to experience aversive conditioning towards adidas because of the company’s connection to Kanye West.

Question 2

What is the law of effect?

Answer 2

behaviours followed by a positive outcome are likely to be repeated.
AND
behaviours followed by a negative outcome are unlikely to be repeated

Question 3

What is one of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 3

classical conditioning is unconscious. Operant conditioning is conscious

Question 4

What is a reinforcer?

Answer 4

anything that increases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated.

Question 5

When looking at reinforcers and punishers what do we first have to distinguish?

Answer 5

what the target behaviour is

Question 6

What is a punisher?

Answer 6

anything that decreases the likelihood that a target behaviour will be repeated.

Question 7

What is an example of a reinforcer?

Answer 7

a cookie when you answer a question.

Behaviour: answering a question
Reinforcer: cookie

Question 8

What is an example of a punisher?

Answer 8

A ticket when you’re speeding

Behaviour: speeding
Punisher: ticket

Question 9

What are the 2 types of punishment?

Answer 9

Positive punishment and negative punishment

Question 10

What are the 2 types of reinforcement?

Answer 10

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

Question 11

What is positive punishment? Example?

Answer 11

When something is added to dissuade a behaviour. Ex: giving a speeding ticket

Question 12

What is a positive reinforcement?

Answer 12

When something is added to encourage a behaviour. Ex: giving a bird a chip when they turn

Question 13

What is negative punishment?

Answer 13

Where something is taken away. Ex: having your smartphone taken away when you do an undesired behaviour.

Question 14

What is a negative reinforcement?

Answer 14

not getting a sunburn when you wear sunscreen. Not getting a sunburn is positive but it is still negative reinforcement because you are taking something away in order to reinforce a desired behaviour (wearing sunscreen).

Question 15

Whats an important question to ask when trying to differentiate between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Answer 15

What is the target behaviour?

Question 16

why is punishment particularly powerful?

Answer 16

because so much of our lives are based on reward and punishment and because of how our amygdala has evolved overtime.

Question 17

Why should we beware of punishment?

Answer 17

• it may cause us to learn very quickly but it can have negative consequences (fear the parent/ home & can cause children to become aggressive)
• you may be treating the symptom but not the cause. You are teaching kids to fear you

Question 18

Why should we beware of reward?

Answer 18

• leads to extrinsic motivation (doing something for the reward) rather than intrinsic motivation.
• when used unthoughtfully this can decrease motivation (internal motivation)

Question 19

What are the 2 types of reinforcement (other than positive and negative)?

Answer 19

Primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement

Question 20

What are primary reinforcers?

Answer 20

• innate reinforcing qualities
• reinforcement itself is enough
  -does not lose reinforcing quality
  -biologically important
  Ex: water, sex, sweets, fatty foods, comfort, warmth. These are things we are hardwired to enjoy.

Question 21

What are secondary reinforcers?

Answer 21

• are only reinforcing when linked to a primary reinforcer.
• “praise” while giving a cookie
• money
  -bed time ritual
• these are often classically conditioned
• has no inherent value

Question 22

How is a speeding ticket an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 22

speeding tickets mean you have to give money. Speeding ticket has been classically coniditoned to money which has been classically conditioned to a primary reinforcer

Question 23

What are examples of primary punishers?

Answer 23

-innate punishing qualities
-pain
-discomfort
-hunger

Question 24

What are examples of secondary punishers?

Answer 24

• are only punishers when liked to a primary punisher
• speeding ticket

Question 25

When does punishment/ reinforcement work best (think time)?

Answer 25

Skinner did a lot of research with birds and mice that showed the faster the reward the higher the motivation

Question 26

How does the need for quick reward or punishment explain why quitting smoking and dieting doesn’t work?

Answer 26

The outcomes of this are long term not immediate

Question 27

How did Skinner do operant conditioning through shaping?

Answer 27

Skinner said he was shaping up the behaviour. He first reinforced a smaller behaviour. this is called shaping it is a type of learning that gives incremental reward systems to the desired behaviour

Question 28

What is shaping? What kind of conditioning is it a part of?

Answer 28

It is a part of operant conditioning. It’s a type of learning that results from reinforcement of successive steps to a final behaviour
- Note it has to be a behaviour that already has the possibility to naturally occur.

Question 29

how can we alter the length of extinction?

Answer 29

Through altering the rienforcment schedule

Question 30

What is the reinforcement schedule?

Answer 30

When reinforcement is given

Question 31

What is fixed ratio reinforcement?

Answer 31

has to do with the number of behaviours completed. Ex: every 2 questions, I give you a candy

Question 32

What is fixed-interval reinforcement?

Answer 32

Amount or time passed before next reinforcement. Ex: After 2 minutes have passed, I give candy when the question has been answered.

Question 33

Which type of reinforcement schedule leads to the lowest rate of extinction?

Answer 33

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