Learning 2 Flashcards
How can classical conditioning explain why adidas dropped kanye?
They didn’t want their clients to experience aversive conditioning towards adidas because of the company’s connection to Kanye West.
What is the law of effect?
behaviours followed by a positive outcome are likely to be repeated.
AND
behaviours followed by a negative outcome are unlikely to be repeated
What is one of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning?
classical conditioning is unconscious. Operant conditioning is conscious
What is a reinforcer?
anything that increases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated.
When looking at reinforcers and punishers what do we first have to distinguish?
what the target behaviour is
What is a punisher?
anything that decreases the likelihood that a target behaviour will be repeated.
What is an example of a reinforcer?
a cookie when you answer a question.
Behaviour: answering a question
Reinforcer: cookie
What is an example of a punisher?
A ticket when you’re speeding
Behaviour: speeding
Punisher: ticket
What are the 2 types of punishment?
Positive punishment and negative punishment
What are the 2 types of reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
What is positive punishment? Example?
When something is added to dissuade a behaviour. Ex: giving a speeding ticket
What is a positive reinforcement?
When something is added to encourage a behaviour. Ex: giving a bird a chip when they turn
What is negative punishment?
Where something is taken away. Ex: having your smartphone taken away when you do an undesired behaviour.
What is a negative reinforcement?
not getting a sunburn when you wear sunscreen. Not getting a sunburn is positive but it is still negative reinforcement because you are taking something away in order to reinforce a desired behaviour (wearing sunscreen).
Whats an important question to ask when trying to differentiate between punishment and negative reinforcement?
What is the target behaviour?
why is punishment particularly powerful?
because so much of our lives are based on reward and punishment and because of how our amygdala has evolved overtime.
Why should we beware of punishment?
- it may cause us to learn very quickly but it can have negative consequences (fear the parent/ home & can cause children to become aggressive)
- you may be treating the symptom but not the cause. You are teaching kids to fear you
Why should we beware of reward?
- leads to extrinsic motivation (doing something for the reward) rather than intrinsic motivation.
- when used unthoughtfully this can decrease motivation (internal motivation)
What are the 2 types of reinforcement (other than positive and negative)?
Primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement
What are primary reinforcers?
- innate reinforcing qualities
- reinforcement itself is enough
-does not lose reinforcing quality
-biologically important
Ex: water, sex, sweets, fatty foods, comfort, warmth. These are things we are hardwired to enjoy.
What are secondary reinforcers?
- are only reinforcing when linked to a primary reinforcer.
- “praise” while giving a cookie
- money
-bed time ritual - these are often classically conditioned
- has no inherent value
How is a speeding ticket an example of a secondary reinforcer?
speeding tickets mean you have to give money. Speeding ticket has been classically coniditoned to money which has been classically conditioned to a primary reinforcer
What are examples of primary punishers?
-innate punishing qualities
-pain
-discomfort
-hunger
What are examples of secondary punishers?
- are only punishers when liked to a primary punisher
- speeding ticket
When does punishment/ reinforcement work best (think time)?
Skinner did a lot of research with birds and mice that showed the faster the reward the higher the motivation
How does the need for quick reward or punishment explain why quitting smoking and dieting doesn’t work?
The outcomes of this are long term not immediate
How did Skinner do operant conditioning through shaping?
Skinner said he was shaping up the behaviour. He first reinforced a smaller behaviour. this is called shaping it is a type of learning that gives incremental reward systems to the desired behaviour
What is shaping? What kind of conditioning is it a part of?
It is a part of operant conditioning. It’s a type of learning that results from reinforcement of successive steps to a final behaviour
- Note it has to be a behaviour that already has the possibility to naturally occur.
how can we alter the length of extinction?
Through altering the rienforcment schedule
What is the reinforcement schedule?
When reinforcement is given
What is fixed ratio reinforcement?
has to do with the number of behaviours completed. Ex: every 2 questions, I give you a candy
What is fixed-interval reinforcement?
Amount or time passed before next reinforcement. Ex: After 2 minutes have passed, I give candy when the question has been answered.
Which type of reinforcement schedule leads to the lowest rate of extinction?
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