Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Question 2

associative learning

Answer 2

ideas and beliefs reinforce eachother and can be mentally linked to enhance the learning process

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

an organsim learns by associating stimuli

Question 4

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 4

an unlearned, naturally occuring response

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 5

stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response

Question 6

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

originally irelevant stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response

Question 8

behaviorism

Answer 8

1) psychology should be an objective science 2) psychology studies behavior w/out reference to the mental process

Question 9

acquisition

Answer 9

initial stage in classical conditioning & strengthening response in operant conditioning

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 11

spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

reappearance after a pause of an extinguished response

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

similar stimulus triggers a conditioned response

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

learned ability to distinguish between conditioned & irelevant stimulus

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcment or diminished if followed by a punishment

Question 15

respondent behavior

Answer 15

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 16

law of effect

Answer 16

behaviors followed by favorable/unfavorable consequences become more/less likely (Thorndike)

Question 17

operant behavior

Answer 17

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 18

operant chamber

Answer 18

a chamber containing a bar or key animals can manipulate to obtain reinforcment

Question 19

shaping

Answer 19

the reinforcer guides behavior towards desired behavior

Question 20

reinforcer

Answer 20

any event that strengthens the behavior that follows

Question 21

positive reinforcment

Answer 21

increasing behaviors by producing a positive stimulus

Question 22

negative reinforcemnet

Answer 22

increasing behaviors by reducing a negative stimulus

Question 23

variable ratio shcedule

Answer 23

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response fter an unpredictalbe number of responses (slot machine)

Question 24

fixed interval schedule

Answer 24

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed (mail comes every morning at 8am)

Question 25

variable interval schedule

Answer 25

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictalbe intervals (waiting for text messages)

Question 26

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 26

reinforcement schedule that reinforces after a certain number of responses (a meal deal after 10 purchases)

Question 27

punishment

Answer 27

an event that decreases the behavior that follows

Question 28

cognitive map

Answer 28

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 29

latent learning

Answer 29

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 30

intrinsic motivation

Answer 30

the desire to perform behavior for its own sake

Question 31

extrinsic behavior

Answer 31

a desire to perform behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Question 32

observational learning

Answer 32

learning by observing others

Question 33

modeling

Answer 33

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior (Bandura & Bobo Doll)

Question 34

mirror neurons

Answer 34

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing actions

Question 35

prosocial behavior

Answer 35

positive, helpful, contructive behavior

Question 36

primary reinforcer

Answer 36

inately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need

Question 37

secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

Answer 37

stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association w/ primary reinforcer

Question 38

partial reinforcement

Answer 38

reinforcing a response only part of the time

Question 39

continuous reinforcement

Answer 39

reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs