learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively lasting change in behaviour as a result of experience

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

a learning process in which association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response

Question 3

IVAN PAVLOV AND HIS DOGS

Answer 3

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS: the stimulus that naturally evokes a response without the need to learn a new behaviour (meat)

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE: the natural response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation at sight of meat)

CONDITIONED STIMULUS: the stimulus that previously had no response but after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus eventually triggers a conditioned response ( the bell)

CONDITIONED RESPONSE: the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 4

extinction (CC)

Answer 4

after not being conditioned for a long period of time, the conditioned response stops

Question 5

spontaneous recovery (CC)

Answer 5

even after extinction, the conditioned response may come back, even years later

Question 6

stimulus generalisation (CC)

Answer 6

a conditioned being can associate the conditioned stimulus with other stimuli (eg a child that is afraid of one dog can become afraid of all dogs and even all animals)

Question 7

discrimination (CC)

Answer 7

a conditioned being can differentiate between a conditioned stimulus with other stimuli (eg children can associate feeling hungry with the sound of the school bell, but not the sound of other bells)

Question 8

contiguity (CC)

Answer 8

the less time passes between seeing the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response happening, the more likely the being is to associate the stimulus to the response

Question 9

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus scheduling

Answer 9

delayed/forward conditioning: where the bell is presented first and the food is presented AFTERWARDS

trace conditioning: the bell is presented, and then the food is (after a short break)

simultaneous conditioning: the bell and food are presented at the same time and continue for the same amount of time

backward conditioning: the food is presented first, then the bell

Question 10

higher/second order conditioning

Answer 10

where a new stimulus paired with the conditioned stimulus creates a conditioned response (eg the bell is also paired with a flash of light, and then light without the bell also causes salication)

Question 11

operant conditioning

Answer 11

encouraging a change in behaviour with reward or punishment. makes the being choose between a voluntary behavior and consequence

Question 12

THORNDIKE’S LAW OF EFFECT

Answer 12

Thorndike made cats open doors in a box through mechanisms. the cats would be rewarded with food if successful. the cats would eventually open the doors faster to get the reward

Thorndike stated that any behaviour thats rewarded is likely to be repeated, and any punished behaviour is likely to cease

Question 13

BF SKINNER’S POS/NEG REINFORCEMENT

Answer 13

BF Skinner put rats in boxes and if they pressed a lever theyd be given food/electric shocked. the former encouraged pressing the lever, the latter discouraged it

Question 14

primary reinforcer

Answer 14

a source of motivation to do something that is learned naturally through evolution (eating, sleeping, drinking)

Question 15

secondary reinforcer

Answer 15

a source of motivation that is learned eg money

Question 16

PREMACK PRINCIPLE

Answer 16

a highly prefered activity can be used as a reinforcer for a less prefered activity (“if you clean your room you can go out and play)

Question 17

shaping

Answer 17

when reinforcement is broken up into smaller bits and taught in sequence to encourage a complex behavioural change

Question 18

token economy

Answer 18

reinforcement is token - based

Question 19

continuous reinforcement

Answer 19

every action is followed by reinforcement

Question 20

ratio schedules

Answer 20

fixed: delivery of reinforcement after a set number of responses (eg for every third button press a rat receives food)

variable: reinforcement occurs after a variable number of responses

Question 21

interval schedules

Answer 21

require a minimum amount of time before reinforcement is given

fixed: eg someone is paid by the hour

variable: eg someone is fishing

Question 22

ALBERT BANDURA’S SLT

Answer 22

learning takes place in social context
learning can take place through observation of others’ behaviour
learning can occur without visible change in one’s behaviour

Question 23

reciprocal determinism

Answer 23

just as an individula’s environment can affect their behaviour, their behaviour can affect the environment (eg abuse at home leads people to be aggressive)

Question 24

BOBO DOLL EXP.

Answer 24

children were put in front of scenarios where dolls were treated nicely or mistreated and then given the dolls. the children who saw violent behavior mistreated the dolls too