LEARNING Flashcards
LEARNING (behaviorist POV)
PERMANENT CHANGE in BEHAVIOR that arises from PRACTICE/EXPERIENCE
LEARNING (cognitive psychology)
- When organisms CHANGE the way they REPRESENT the environment because of new EXPERIENCE
- CHANGING MENTAL PERCEPTION in which it also changes how u function in an environment
WHAT DID IVAN PAVLOV CONTRIBUTE?
u can CONDITION something through REPEATED exposure/experience to a stimuli
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- simple form of learning where a NEUTRAL STIMULUS comes to EVOKE the response by ANOTHER STIMULUS by being IN PAIR REPEATEDLY
REFLEX
unlearned and evoked by a certain stimulus
STIMULUS
environmental condition that elicits a response
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (cognitive psychologists)
relationships allow organisms to mentally represent their environments and make predictions
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)
elicits a response before conditioning
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
ORIENTED REFLEX
unlearned response where an organism attends to a stimulus
CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
previously neutral but now elicits a conditioned response after exposure in pair repeatedly
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
learned response to a conditioned stimulus
EXTINCTION
when a stimulus loses the ability to evoke a learned response because events that are connected to the stimuli no longer occur
ACQUISITION
the act of repeatedly exposing the CS and UCS at the same time
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
(we never know when we could feel the same pleasure so we tend to return to it/relapse haha)
GENERALIZATION
(during conditioning) the tendency for a CR to be evoked by other similar stimulus similar to CS
DISCRIMINATION
(during conditioning) the tendency of the organism to distinguish between a CS and a similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS
(differentiate the difference between stimuli’s)
HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING
(a classical conditioning procedure)
a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response from a CS by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus
TASTE AVERSION
(an example of classical conditioning)
when a single nauseating meal can give rise to a taste aversion that lasts for years)
“LITTLE ALBERT” classical conditioning of emotional responses
proved that emotional reactions like fear can be learned through classical conditioning
BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS
(from evolutionary forces)
our tendency to develop fears from thunder, snakes, darkness but not flowers because the latter would have been sources of danger to our ancestors
(readiness to acquire a CS due to biological makeup)
COUNTERCONDITIONING
(fear-reduction technique/behavior therapy method)
when a pleasant stimuli are paired with a fear evoking stimuli so it loses its aversive qualities
FLOODING
(behavior therapy method)
client is exposed to fear-evoking stimulus until the fear is gone
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
(behavior therapy method)
client is GRADUALLY exposed to fear evoking stimuli under circumstances where they feel relaxed
OPERANT CONDITIONING
organisms learn to do things/not do things because of the consequences of their behavior
simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior cuz its reinforced
LAW OF EFFECT (THORNDIKE)
we are more likely to respond to events that provides rewards compared to unpleasant events where we “stamp out” response (learning not to behave in ways that bring on punishment)
OPERANT BEHAVIOR (operants)
behavior that operates on or manipulates the environment
REINFORCERS
increases the probability of a behavior to occur when used (ex: food)
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE REINFORCERS
Positive: increases the probability of behavior to occur (u add something to increase)
Negative: increase the probability of behavior to occur when reinforcers are removed (u remove to increase)
PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCER
Primary: biological needs (effectiveness is based on biological make up)
Secondar: can be used to trade into a primary (stimulus that gains reinforcement value through ASSOCIATION)
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
(operant conditioning)
a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT
not every correct response is reinforced
PUNISHMENT
decreases the behavior
positive - u add to decrease
negative - u remove to decrease
ABC (change consequence to change the behavior)
A - antecedent (what happened)
B - behavior (problematic behavior)
C - consequences (what happened after)
SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
FIXED INTERVAL - fixed amount of time (specific fixed)
VARIABLE INTERVAL - time interval varies (paiba-iba)
FIXED RATIO - reinforcement is given after a fixed number of correct responses (fixed quota)
VARIABLE RATIO - required number of correct responses varies
BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING (APPLICATIONS OF OPERANT CONDITIONS)
receiving reinforcement in the form of information
SHAPING
(procedure for teaching complex behaviors)
reinforces progressive steps toward behavioral goal
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS
(done during shaping) after setting the goal
behaviors which are progressively closer to target behavior (small steps)
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
used to reinforce children to behave appropriately and extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
(educational method)
assumes that any complex task can be broken down into small steps
does not punish errors, but correct responses are reinforced
COGNITIVE MAPS
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
LATENT LEARNING
learning that is hidden/concealed
CONTINGENCY LEARNING
(Robert Rescorla)
learning occurs only when the CS provides information about the UCS
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
learning through observation (knowledge and skills)
model: organism that is imitated by another orgnism
MIRROR NEURONS
ability to mirror what we observe
(connected to why we yawn when other people yawn, why babies stick out their tongues when they see ppl do it, and why maybe laughter is contagious)
