Learning Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
Habituation
You create an association between a stimulus and you become less reactive to it
Sensory adaptation
When we get used to a continues unchanged stimulus in our sensory organs
Associative learning
The events may be 2 stimuli or a response and its consequences
Classical conditioning
Learning in which one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events
Behaviorist
View that
#1 psych should be an objective science #2 studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Neutral stimules
Dose not create any response because it is meaningless
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that creates a response without training
Unconditioned response
The reflex like response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Originally neutral stimulus when paired with the unconditioned stimulus create a responses
Conditioned response
A response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus
Acquisition
Process of learning the responses pairing
Extinction
When the stimulus is absent for a period of time the association goes away
This spontaneous recovery
A response become extinct becoming presented with that stimulus again the response reappears
Generalization
Associating other neutral stimuli with the unconditioned stimuli
Discrimination
Being able to only respond to the conditioned stimulus and not other similar ones
Little Albert experiment
Showed that the fear response could be conditioned in humans
Operant conditioning
An active subject voluntarily emits behaviors and can learn new ones
Reinforcers…Behavior
Increase
Punishers… behavior
Decrease
Skinners experiment effect
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens a proceeding response
Shaping
Guiding the child’s actions toward the desired behavior
Successive approximations
You are rewarding responses that are closer to the final desired behavior and you ignore all other responses
Positive reinforcement
Strengthens a response by adding a desirable stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Removes a punishing stimulus
Primary reinforcers
An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned reinforcers (secondary)
Increase its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce
Reinforcement schedules
A pattern that defines how often a desired response Will be reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial (Intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response part of the time slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction
Fixed ratio schedules
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Varibal ratio schedules
Provide a reinforcement after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses
Ratio schedules=
Variable schedules=
Higher response rates
More consistent responding
Interval schedules
Period of time must pass before reinforcement
Punishment
A event that tends to decrease a behavior that it follows
+ punishment
ADD an negative
- Punishment
Withdraw a rewarding stimulus
Instinctive drift
Is the tendency for conditioning to be hindered by natural instincts
Taste aversion
A learned response to eating spoiled or toxic food and is critical for our survival and lets us know what food to avoid
Latent learning
Unconscious learning that show us suddenly when needed Ex cognitive map
Insight learning
Some learning is through simple intuition a sudden realization of the solution Ex know answer for a problem you struggled with on the test after turning it in
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own stake
Extrinsic modivation
A desire to preforme a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatening punishment
Biofeedback
Helps you make subtle changes in your body such as relaxing certain muscles to achieve the results you want such as a decrease in stress
Problem focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or how we interact with that
Emotion focused coping
Avoiding or ignoring a stressor and focussing on emotion need
Helplessness
Feeling helpless and oppressed my lead to a state of passive resignation
External locus of control
The perception that you control your own fate
Observational learning
Learning by watching the behavior is others a then imitating that behavior through molding
By watching a model usually someone we admire we experience reinforcement or punishment through them
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