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Learning: Flashcards

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1
Q

what is maturation?

A

development process to maturing
based on an orderly sequence of change in the nervous system
responses that depend on maturation appear at predictable times

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2
Q

what are learned behaviours?

A

racism, hatred

phobias, love, generosity

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3
Q

what is the definition of learning?

A

learning is a relatively permanent change
can be immediate or delayed
something must be different after you have learned

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4
Q

define classical conditioning?

A

forming associations between two stimuli that are unrelated

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5
Q

what is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

is a stimulus connected to an unconditioned response

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6
Q

what is the unconditioned response?

A

is the unlearned response connected to the unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

what is the neutral stimulus?

A

is the stimulus that does not naturally bring about the desired response (the un connected stimulus)

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8
Q

what is the conditioned stimulus?

A

previously nutural (un connected stimulus) stimulus through repeated pairings with an unconditioned response

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9
Q

what is a conditioned responce?

A

is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

what makes something contiguous?

A

stimuli are contiguous is they occer together in time repetitively

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11
Q

what is contingency?

A

how likely the event will happen depending on another event

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12
Q

how does someone’s preparedness for learning affect results? give an example

A

biological readiness
responses can be connected much more readily to certain stimuli than others

having a phobia of spiders is much easier than learning to drive.

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13
Q

what is acquisition?

A

the exact moment the new response has been learnt

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14
Q

what is stimulus generalisation?

A

when stimuli are generalised when they are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

what is stimulus discrimination?

A

when a learned response is specific to the stimulus and does not respond to the same way to a similar stimulus

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16
Q

what is extinction?

A

gradual weakening or extinction to a previously conditioned response

17
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

when a previously extinct response reappears after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus

18
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

that behaviour responses can be altered through reward and consequence

19
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

pleasant stimulus given

giving a dog a treat

20
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

unpleasant stimulus removed after a behaviour

21
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

unpleasent stimulus given after an underserable behaviour

22
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

pleasent stimuus removed after an undersierable behaviour

23
Q

what is punishemnt within operent conditioning good for?

A

short term beahiour chnage

not good for long term behaviour chnage

24
Q

what is reainforcemnt used for within operant conditioning?

A

can be usful for shirt term beahviour change

for long term only reward and reinforcement is good

25
Q

what are the two kinds of scheduals of reinforcement?

A

intermittent or continuous

26
Q

what are the difference between interval and ratio?

A

interval- after a certain number of responses

ratio- every “this” many responses

27
Q

what is the difference between fixed and variable?

A

fixed- same every time

variable- on average

28
Q

what is variable ratio best for?

A

maintaining a behaviour

29
Q

what is fixed ratio best for?

A

learning a new behaviour

30
Q

what is observational learning?

A

learning through watching others doing the desired behaviour

31
Q

what are the four levels of observational learning?

A

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

32
Q

what is learned helplessness?

A

a condition of feeling out of control of your own environment
doesn’t take action even though it is easily identifiable

33
Q

what is an internal locus of control?

A

when the person feels as though they are not in control of their environment
they have no power to change their world

34
Q

what is the external locus of control?

A

when the person feels as though they have control over their environment
that has the power to change their world

35
Q

give an example of how learned helplessness can affect people?

A

dampness social skills or willingness to socialise

36
Q

can learned helplessness be unlearned?

A

no learned behaviour is permanent and can be unlearnt

37
Q

what is exposure therapy? what is it used for?

A

used for phobias

showing the person that the feared situation won’t have the consequence they fear to expect

38
Q

what is aversion therapy?

A

used to reduce behaviours

exposed to stimulus while being exposed to discomfort

Psychology: (6 decks)

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