Learning: Flashcards
what is maturation?
development process to maturing
based on an orderly sequence of change in the nervous system
responses that depend on maturation appear at predictable times
what are learned behaviours?
racism, hatred
phobias, love, generosity
what is the definition of learning?
learning is a relatively permanent change
can be immediate or delayed
something must be different after you have learned
define classical conditioning?
forming associations between two stimuli that are unrelated
what is the unconditioned stimulus?
is a stimulus connected to an unconditioned response
what is the unconditioned response?
is the unlearned response connected to the unconditioned stimulus
what is the neutral stimulus?
is the stimulus that does not naturally bring about the desired response (the un connected stimulus)
what is the conditioned stimulus?
previously nutural (un connected stimulus) stimulus through repeated pairings with an unconditioned response
what is a conditioned responce?
is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
what makes something contiguous?
stimuli are contiguous is they occer together in time repetitively
what is contingency?
how likely the event will happen depending on another event
how does someone’s preparedness for learning affect results? give an example
biological readiness
responses can be connected much more readily to certain stimuli than others
having a phobia of spiders is much easier than learning to drive.
what is acquisition?
the exact moment the new response has been learnt
what is stimulus generalisation?
when stimuli are generalised when they are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
what is stimulus discrimination?
when a learned response is specific to the stimulus and does not respond to the same way to a similar stimulus
what is extinction?
gradual weakening or extinction to a previously conditioned response
what is spontaneous recovery?
when a previously extinct response reappears after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus
what is operant conditioning?
that behaviour responses can be altered through reward and consequence
what is positive reinforcement?
pleasant stimulus given
giving a dog a treat
what is negative reinforcement?
unpleasant stimulus removed after a behaviour
what is positive punishment?
unpleasent stimulus given after an underserable behaviour
what is negative punishment?
pleasent stimuus removed after an undersierable behaviour
what is punishemnt within operent conditioning good for?
short term beahiour chnage
not good for long term behaviour chnage
what is reainforcemnt used for within operant conditioning?
can be usful for shirt term beahviour change
for long term only reward and reinforcement is good
what are the two kinds of scheduals of reinforcement?
intermittent or continuous
what are the difference between interval and ratio?
interval- after a certain number of responses
ratio- every “this” many responses
what is the difference between fixed and variable?
fixed- same every time
variable- on average
what is variable ratio best for?
maintaining a behaviour
what is fixed ratio best for?
learning a new behaviour
what is observational learning?
learning through watching others doing the desired behaviour
what are the four levels of observational learning?
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
what is learned helplessness?
a condition of feeling out of control of your own environment
doesn’t take action even though it is easily identifiable
what is an internal locus of control?
when the person feels as though they are not in control of their environment
they have no power to change their world
what is the external locus of control?
when the person feels as though they have control over their environment
that has the power to change their world
give an example of how learned helplessness can affect people?
dampness social skills or willingness to socialise
can learned helplessness be unlearned?
no learned behaviour is permanent and can be unlearnt
what is exposure therapy? what is it used for?
used for phobias
showing the person that the feared situation won’t have the consequence they fear to expect
what is aversion therapy?
used to reduce behaviours
exposed to stimulus while being exposed to discomfort
