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Psychology: > Altered States of awareness: > Flashcards

Altered States of awareness: Flashcards

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1
Q

from lowest to highest what is the awareness continuum?

A

sleep, arousal, highly stressed

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2
Q

what is the natural cycle of sleep called?

A

the circadian rhythm

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3
Q

what is an exogenous rhythm?

A

regulated by external events in the environment

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4
Q

what is an example of exogenous rhythms?

A

seasonal changes, tidal patterns

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5
Q

what is an endogenous rhythm?

A

regulated by internal events

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6
Q

what is an example of endogenous rhythms?

A

heart rate, menstrual cycles

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7
Q

what are some reasons for change in your circadian rhythm?

A

temperature, hormone secretion, blood pressure

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8
Q

what is the science behind the circadian rhythm? (sunlight hits the…)

A

sunlight hits the retina sending information down to the optic nerve to a cluster of 20,000 neurons inside of the brain’s hypothalamus.

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9
Q

what is the cluster of 20,000 nerves in the hypothalamus called?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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10
Q

where is melatonin secreted?

A

in the pineal gland

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11
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

it is a small endocrine gland in the centre of the brain

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12
Q

how do we achieve synchronicity in our sleep awake cycle?

A

the circadian rhythm is sensitive to elements of the environment such as light

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13
Q

what are three factors that are likely to influence the circadian rhythm?

A

secretion of melatonin, exposure to light, body temperature

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14
Q

what are the sleeping habits due to melatonin of an infant?

A

an infant, the melatonin secretion is more regular especially after the third month after birth

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15
Q

what are the sleeping habits due to melatonin of aging humans? (teenagers)

A

there is delayed melatonin secretion meaning falling asleep later and waking up later

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16
Q

what are the two main theories of sleep?

A

the repair and restoration theory and the evolutionary/ adaptive theory

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17
Q

what happens in the first sleep stage?

A

light sleep
slight eye rolls
hypnotic jerks

theta waves

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18
Q

what happens in the second sleep stage?

A

sleep spindles increase
very simple dreams
sleepwalking

continued theta waves

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19
Q

what happens in sleep stage three?

A

the transitional period of light to heavy sleep

20%-50% are delta waves

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20
Q

what happens in sleep stage four?

A

body temp at its lowest
muscle paralysis
reverts 1-4 a few more times before REM

50% delta waves the rest are theta

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21
Q

what happens in stage five sleep (REM)?

A

rapid eye movement
vivid dreams
can’t tell the difference on a scan if you are asleep or awake

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22
Q

what is sleep deprivation?

A

when you don’t get enough sleep to function properly

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23
Q

what does sleep deprivation affect?

A

cognitive function
decision making
attention

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24
Q

what can cause sleep deprivation?

A

sleep disorders
depression
repeated awakenings from noise

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25
Q

what are the symptoms of short term sleep deprivation?

A

daytime tiredness
unable to cope with stress
blurred vision

26
Q

what are the symptoms of long term sleep deprivation?

A

depression
decreased productivity
paranoia and hallucinations

27
Q

name two sleep disorders?

A

insomnia

parasomnia

28
Q

what are the causes of insomnia?

A

mass anxiety
emotional problems/ depression
drugs/ stimulants

29
Q

what are the four steps of the insomnia cycle?

A

sleep bad
feel fatigued and stress
compensate unhealthy habits
habits affect the ability to sleep

30
Q

what are some tehcniques to help treat insomnia?

A

no napping
avoid alcohol and coffee 5 hours before bed
keep a consistent sleep schedule

31
Q

what is parasomnia?

A

behaviours that occur during sleep such as…
nightmares
night errors
sleepwalking

32
Q

is parasomnia considered a sleep disorder?

A

no, only if it disrupts a persons sleep over an extended period of time. three or more months

33
Q

what are the two kinds of sleep therapy?

A

sleep restriction therapy

stimulus control therapy

34
Q

what is sleep restriction therapy?

A

psychological intervention

restricting the amount of time spent in bed will lead to more effective sleep

35
Q

what is stimulus control therapy?

A

retraining the person to associate bed with sleep

only being in bed when sleeping or feeling sleepy

36
Q

what is an example of good sleep hygiene for daytime habits?

A

no napping
minimal caffeine and alcohol
look at bright light soon after waking up

37
Q

what is an example of good sleep hygiene for sleeping environments?

A

bed large enough/ comfortable

hide lock to prevent clock watching

38
Q

what are three permitted naps?

A

power nap
emergency nap
preventative nap

39
Q

what s arousal?

A

a physiological and psychological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

40
Q

what is the science behind arousal?

A

different neural systems collectively are called the arousal system.

41
Q

how many neural/ arousal systems are there? and what are they?

A 
4
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
42
Q

where are the neural/ arousal systems kept in the brain?

A

the brain stem, cortex which is in the brains neurotransmitters

43
Q

why is it called arousal?

A

when in action the receiving neural areas become sensitive to signals hence being called arousal

44
Q

what is the graph called in association to optimum arousal levels?

A

the yerk Dodson law of arousal and task performance

45
Q

what happens if your arousal levels are too low?

A

you become understimulated and are bored

46
Q

what happens if your arousal levels are too high?

A

you become overstimulated and are highly stressed

47
Q

what is the difference between stimulants and depressants and how do they affect your task performance?

A

stimulants like coffee increase anxiety levels

depressants like alcohol can lower stress levels

48
Q

how is arousal measured?

A

speed and accuracy tasks

brain activity- EEG

49
Q

what is stress? what is the event in stress called?

A

psychological response to events that make you feel threatened
the event doesn’t cause the stress, it is the perception
the event is called the stressor

50
Q

What is the system we use when we sense danger?

A

rapid automatic response (fight or flight)

51
Q

if stressed and in fight or flight mode, what is the released hormone?

A

adrenaline

52
Q

what is the autonomic system split into?

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

53
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

speeding up the body’s functioning
responsible for the response to fight-flight or fright
this system speeds up heart rate, perspiration and slowed digestion

54
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

responsible for maintenance of energy

returning body to rest after arousal takes place

55
Q

what does GAS stand for?

A

general adaptation syndrome

56
Q

what are the three stages of GAS?

A

alarm- release of neurotransmitters and hormones preparing the body for high levels of activity

resistance- body trying to resist high levels of arousal from initial alarm

exhaustion- body reserves are depleted more issues to the body can occur

57
Q

what are some internal causes of stress?

A

bad self talk

unrealistic expectations

58
Q

what are three different scans for objective quantitative measures?

A

EEG- brain activity
EOG- ocular movement
EMG- muscle response

59
Q

what are some subjective qualitative measures for sleep and arousal?

A

self-reported:

  • questionnaires
  • focus groups/ Delfi technique
60
Q

what are two ethical issues that can be associated with experiments with sleep?

A

duty of care to sleep-deprived patience

research on vulnerable populations

Psychology: (6 decks)

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