Leadership Terms: Multiple Choice Format Flashcards
A person’s perceived ratio of inputs and outcomes, as compared to his/her perception of another person’s ratio of inputs and outcomes.
a. Reinforcement
b. Motivation through consequence (MTC)
c. Focal Person
d. Comparison Ratio
Comparison Ratio
Motivational theory which assumes that people value fair treatment when comparing themselves with others, and that the perception of inequity motivates people to take action.
a. Operant conditioning
b. Positive Reinforcement
c. Equity Theory
d. Inequity
Equity Theory
The organizational leader who directly supervises, manages, and leads the employees involved in a given situation of case study.
a. Actor/Observer Bias
b. Focal Leader
c. Focal Person
d. None of the above
Focal Leader
Any individual who perceives equity or inequity by comparing himself/herself with others.
a. Focal Person
b. Transactional Leadership
c. Transformational Leadership
d. None of the above
Focal Person
Exists when someone perceives that the ratio of his/her outcomes to inputs is not equal to the ratio of someone else’s outcomes to inputs.
a. Inputs
b. Outcomes
c. Inequity
d. Self Regulation
Inequity
In the employee-employer exchange, this is what the focal person perceives are his contributions to the exchange, for which he expects a just return. Some examples include work effort, experience, education, training, and intelligence.
a. Focal Person
b. Comparison Ratio
c. Inputs
d. None of the above
Inputs
Theory dealing with perceptions of fairness in organizations
a. Equity Theory
b. Organizational Justice Theory
c. Law of effect theory
d. Apology Effect
Organizational Justice Theory
In the employee-employer exchange, this is what the employee perceives are the rewards he receives for his services. Examples include pay, benefits, praise, and promotion.
a. Outcomes
b. Reference Source
c. Reinforcement
d. Reward Contingency
Outcomes
The person or group that focal person uses to evaluate the equity or inequity of his/her exchange relationship.
a. Inequity
b. Focal Leader
c. Operant Response
d. None of the above
None of the above
The study of human interaction, including the study of attraction, attitude formation, influence (of which leadership is a part), and group dynamics.
a. Behavior
b. Law of effect
c. Social Psychology
d. Observational Learning
Social Psychology
The tendency to attribute one’s own successes to one’s abilities, and to blame failures on external factors beyond one’s control
a. Self Serving Bias
b. Internal Attribution
c. Attribution
d. None of the above
Self Serving Bias
The tendency for a leader to punish a follower more severely if the follower’s behavior has negative consequences.
a. Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
b. Negative Reinforcement
c. Negative Outcome Bias
d. None of the above
Negative Outcome Bias
The process of assigning blame or credit for a person’s behavior (including one’s own behavior) to that person’s abilities or lack of abilities.
a. Internal Attribution
b. External Attribution
c. Attribution
d. None of the above
Internal Attribution
The tendency to overvalue internal factors in explaining someone’s behavior, while undervaluing external factors
a. Internal Attribution
b. External Attribution
c. Fundamental Attribution Error
d. Consistency
Fundamental Attribution Error
The process of assigning blame or credit for a person’s behavior (including one’s on behavior) to external factors beyond the person’s abilities or lack of abilities.
a. Consistency
b. External Attribution
c. Internal Attribution
d. Distinctiveness
External Attribution
The process of making an attribution about a person based on how well (or poorly) he/she does on a variety of different tasks.
a. Distinctiveness
b. Consistency
c. Fundamental Attribution Error
d. None of the above
Distinctiveness
The process of making an attribution based on how a person performed the same task on other occasions.
a. Self Serving Bias
b. Distinctiveness
c. Consistency
d. None of the above
Consistency
The process of making an attribution based on how other people perform a specific task
a. Consensus
b. Consistency
c. Distinctiveness
d. None of the above
Consensus
The process of making inferences and judgment’s about the cause of people’s behavior
a. Self Serving Bias
b. Internal Attribution
c. Attribution
d. Consensus
Attribution
The leader’s tendency to be less likely to punish the follower who says he/she is sorry for his/her behavior
a. Apology Effect
b. Distinctiveness
c. Behavior
d. None of the above
Apology Effect
The common tendency for the actor in a particular situation to blame external factors for his or her unsuccessful behavior while, concurrently, an observer tends to blame internal factors for
same behavior
a. Self serving bias
b. Negative outcome bias
c. Apology effect
d. Actor/observer Bias
Actor/Observer Bias
What people do or say. It is related to but not the same as what one thinks, how one feels, one’s underlying attitude, or overall performance in accomplishing tasks.
a. Consequence
b. On task Behavior
c. Behavior
d. None of these
Behavior
That which typically results in unsuccessful task accomplishment.
a. Behavior
b. On Task behavior
c. Off Task Behavior
d. None on these
Off Task Behavior
That which typically results in successful task accomplishment
a. Off task behavior
b. On task behavior
c. Behavior
d. None of these
On Task Behavior
Anything that follows a behavior (e.g. a person sticks his finger into a light socket and gets shocked.
a. Behavior
b. Motivation through consequence
c. Operant conditioning
d. Consequence
Consequence
When reinforcement follows every correct or desired behavior. This results in the quick learning of new behavior, but poor sustained behavior when the reinforcement is removed.
a. Continuous Reinforcement schedule
b. Partial reinforcement schedules
c. Positive Reinforcement
d. None of the above
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
A collection of three theories that, in different ways, explain how consequences that follow behavior control that behavior. The theories are operant conditioning, observation learning (aka social or vicarious learning), and self-regulation.
a. Consequence
b. Extinction
c. Motivation Through Consequence (MTC)
d. None of the above
Motivation Through Consequence (MTC)
A theoretical model originating from psychologist B.F. Skinner that has changed over time. In this lesson it means “punishment”, Skinner’s original definition.
a. Positive Reinforcement
b. Negative Reinforcement
c. Partial Reinforcement
d. Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
A method of learning by watching the behavior of others and the associated consequences. Includes concepts such as vicarious extinction-vicarious learning, vicarious punishment, and vicarious reinforcement.
a. Observational Learning
b. Operant conditioning
c. Behavior
d. None of these
Observational Learning
An approach to learning and motivation based on the relationship between person’s behavior and the consequences they subsequently personally experience.
a. Behavior
b. Operant Conditioning
c. Observational Learning
d. None of the above
Operant Conditioning
Any behavioral reaction that someone undertakes voluntarily in response to a demand or cue from his/her environment.
a. Operant conditioning
b. Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
c. Observational learning
d. Operant Response
Operant Response
When reinforcements are administered irregularly by either time or by the number of correct or desired responses. This sustains behavior over long periods of time, as compared to continuous reinforcement.
a. Fixed Ratio Schedule
b. Negative Reinforcement
c. Partial Reinforcement Schedules
d. Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
the effect of increasing the future desired behavior by the presentation of a positive or pleasant consequence following current behavior.
a. Partial Reinforcement Schedules
b. Reinforcement
c. Positive Reinforcement
d. Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Any consequence that increases the occurrence of a behavior in the future.
a. Positive Reinforcement
b. Reward Contingency
c. Reinforcement
d. None of the above
Reinforcement
The process of controlling one’s own behavior by comparing one’s behavior to one’s personal standards and subsequently apply internal consequences.
a. Motivation
b. Operant Conditioning
c. Self-Regulation
d. Reward Contingency
Self-Regulation
Involves learning by comparing oneself to others.
a. On Task Behavior
b. Social Comparison Processes
c. Self Regulation
d. Motivation through Consequence (MTC)
Social Comparison Processes
The presentation of reinforcements irregularly around an average time (e.g., after one day, three days, and two days, averaging reinforcement every two days). This is a powerful way to sustain desired behavior for long periods of time.
a. Fixed Interval Schedule
b. Reward Contingency
c. Variable Ratio Schedule
d. Variable Interval Schedule
Variable Interval Schedule
The presentation of reinforcements irregularly around an average number of correct or desired responses (e.g., the way a slot machine pays out). This is a powerful way to sustain desired behavior for long periods of time.
a. Variable Ratio Schedule
b. Variable interval Schedule
c. Reward Contingency
d. Fixed Interval Schedule
Variable Ratio Schedule
When future behavior decreases in frequency because there is no consequence to a current behavior.
a. Law of effect
b. Extinction
c. Fixed Ratio Schedule
d. Variable Ratio Schedule
Extinction