Leadership Material Review: Question Format

Question 1

What type of activity directly contributes to an organization’s clearly defined quality outputs?

Answer 1

Value-added Activity

Question 2

What is a mode of thorough change made in anticipation of future events?

Answer 2

Tuning

Question 3

What is a leadership approach consisting of a set of principles and procedures that maximize the production and delivery of high quality goods and services in an organization? This type of leadership adapts the approach of making continuous improvements.

Answer 3

Total Quality Management

Question 4

What is a major response an organization takes in anticipation of external events that may ultimately require change?

Answer 4

Reorientation

Question 5

What is a major change necessitated by external events?

Answer 5

Recreation

Question 6

What is an organization that had adapted the concept of “change for learning and learning involves change”? This type of organization is skilled at creating, acquiring ,and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect knowledge and insight.

Answer 6

Learning Organization

Question 7

What is the change that occurs in response to key eternal events?

Answer 7

Reactive Change

Question 8

What is a change that affects the entire organization?

Answer 8

Major Change

Question 9

What is a change to individual components of the organization?

Answer 9

Incremental Change

Question 10

What is initiated in anticipation of key external events?

Answer 10

Anticipatory change

Question 11

What is the process imposed on an organization that requires the organization to respond?

Answer 11

Change

Question 12

What is the process of comparing a unit’s work and service methods against best practices others use in order to identify where changes may be necessary?

Answer 12

Benchmarking

Question 13

What is an organizational problem solving process consisting of several stages of activity through which an organization adapts to change?

Answer 13

Adaptive-coping cycle

Question 14

Which type of leadership is not an exchange process but an appeal to follower’s sense of values beyond their own personal interests?

Answer 14

Transformational Leadership

Question 15

What type of leadership falls under the concept of an exchange relationship to which the leader and the follower are engaged in economic , social, or psychological trading? This form of the exchange may be negotiable and is constrained by moral values.

Answer 15

Transactional Leadership

Question 16

What is the component of transformational leadership that describes leaders who encourage innovation and creativity through challenging the moral beliefs or views of the group?

Answer 16

Intellectual Stimulation

Question 17

What is the component of transformational leadership that describes leaders who motivates followers to commit to the vision of the organization?

Answer 17

Inspirational Motivation

Question 18

What is the component of transformational leadership that describes a leader who act as coaches and advisors to follower?

Answer 18

Individualized Consideration

Question 19

What is the component of transformational leadership that describes leaders who are exemplary role models?

Answer 19

Idealized Influence

Question 20

What is the special personal quality or power of an individual quality or power of an individual making him or her capable of influencing or inspiring large numbers of people through their perceived social relationship to that person?

Answer 20

Charisma

Question 21

What type of relationship is articulated within the Social Exchange Theory that is described as a cooperative, mutually beneficial connect between two peopleor groups?

Answer 21

Symbiotic Relationship

Question 22

What is the follower’s overt or covert refusal to respond to the leader’s attempt to influence?

Answer 22

Resistance

Question 23

What is the ability to exert influence; that is the ability to change the attitudes or behavior of individuals or group?

Answer 23

Power

Question 24

What best describes the follower’s acceptance of the leader’s influence including the leader’s internal or underlying beliefs?

Answer 24

Internalization

Question 25

What is the concepts that revolves around the Leader, who is the bank in the follower’s mind, and the influence is the credit that gets deposited into the bank by followers and workers within their mind? The more credit the leader have in their bank accounts, the more influence they will have over the followers or workers.

Answer 25

Idiosyncrasy Credits

Question 26

What is the follower’s acceptance to the leader’ influence because the leader is attractive, likeable source worthy of emulation?

Answer 26

Identification

Question 27

What does a leader gain when the follower has accepted the leader’s influence? This is evidenced by the follower’s behavior.

Answer 27

Compliance

Question 28

What type of power exist when the follower give control to the leader based on the belief or understanding that the leader has specific knowledge or relevant expertise that the follower does not? This is also called information Power.

Answer 28

Expert Power

Question 29

What type of power exist when there is a desire from the follower or subordinate to be like, or identifies with the leader?

Answer 29

Reference Power

Question 30

What type of power exists when subordinate or followers acknowledges that the leader has a “right” or is lawfully entitled to exert influence within certain bounds? This is also called formal authority.

Answer 30

Legitimate Power

Question 31

What type of power is the negative side of Reward Power? This negative side of the leader’s ability to punish the follower or subordinate for not carrying out expressed or implied directions.

Answer 31

Coercive Power

Question 32

What type of power exists when control derives from a leader who has the ability to reward the follower or subordinate for carrying out expressed or implied consent?

Answer 32

Reward Power

Question 33

What type of organization member demonstrates a varying level of critical thinking and varying levels of engagement in the organization’s mission?

Answer 33

Pragmatist Follower

Question 34

Who is the person or group that the focal person uses to evaluate the equity or inequity of his/her exchange relationship?

Answer 34

Reference Source

Question 35

What type of conflict occurs when one group’s perception of how long work should take is different from another group’s perception of how long it should take?

Answer 35

Time Orientation

Question 36

What type of conflicts is created by the way in which work products are measured? One group may generate an easily measurable product while another generates a product that is more difficult or impossible to measure.

Answer 36

Tangible Nature of Work

Question 37

Which strategy does a leader uses, when the leader creates an overarching goal that requires conflicting groups to achieve an objective critically important to all groups, but that can only be achieved through intergroup cooperation?

Answer 37

Superordinate Goal

Question 38

Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader bring members of conflicting groups together to identify, discuss, and resolve intergroup conflict after conflict as developed?

Answer 38

Problem Solving

Question 39

Which type of conflict is brought about when groups are not located together? The vast area coverage an organization has keeps members from getting to know each other.

Answer 39

Physical Separation

Question 40

Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader acts to prevent or reduce the chance of conflict by forming a group with representatives from all groups to identify and resolve potential conflict?

Answer 40

Liaison Group

Question 41

Which type of conflict occurs when the actions and tone of a group in pursuit of its goals generates conflict with another group in pursuit of its goal because the group don’t share the same goal?

Answer 41

Goal Orientation

Question 42

Which type of Conflict is brought about by little or no interaction between groups?

Answer 42

Frequency of Interaction

Question 43

Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader mandates a solution to groups that are experiencing conflict with each other?

Answer 43

Forcing

Question 44

Which type of intergroup conflict occurs when two or more groups fight over limited resources like money, people, and facilities?

Answer 44

Competition over scarce resources

Question 45

Which strategy does a leader uses when the leader monitors a conflict, but does not get involved in its resolution? The leader allows the conflict to run its course and/or let those in the conflict to resolve it.

Answer 45

Avoidance

Question 46

What type of Intergroup conflict occurs when a leader issues vague instructions to subordinates groups, allowing separate groups to interpret their meaning and how to accomplish the task?

Answer 46

Ambiguous Work Assignment

Question 47

What occurs when group members works together to achieve a specific and identifiable goal?

Answer 47

Task Cohesion

Question 48

What occurs when members of a group likes each other and enjoy personal satisfaction from being members of a group?

Answer 48

Social Cohesion

Question 49

What is the process where a group strives for consensus or a unanimous decision rather than objectively appraising and selecting the best course of action?

Answer 49

Groupthink

Question 50

What is the type of instrument that is used by organizations to measure task and social cohesion of actions?

Answer 50

Group Environmental Questionnaires (GEQ)

Question 51

What occurs when the sum of forces attracts members to a group? These forces provides resistance to leaving the group and motivates the group members to be active within the group.

Answer 51

Group Cohesion

Question 52

What is the term that describes a group that has its own judgment about its own capability to perform a specific task?

Answer 52

Group Efficacy or Collective

Question 53

What type of group revolves around members who are tightly coupled thus each member’s outcomes are inextricable and can’t be separated from each other’s outcome?

Answer 53

Team

Question 54

What occurs when a group member take on a role where his/her performed behaviors that promotes completion of task and activities within a group?

Answer 54

the member takes on a Task Facilitating Role

Question 55

What term best describes member perceptionsofthe level of rights and privileges’ that a member have within the group?

Answer 55

Status

Question 56

What occurs when a person’s work effort is reduced when he/she works with others as compare to when he/she works along?

Answer 56

Social Loafing

Question 57

What occurs when a group member perceives an expectation as inconsistent or conflicting associated with his/her role in the group, therefore; causing a state of tension, distress, or uncertainty within his/her mind?

Answer 57

Role Conflict

Question 58

What occurs when a group member accurately performs his/hers assigned purpose in the group because he/she demonstrates the perception of having a clear understanding of his/hers expectation?

Answer 58

Role Clarity

Question 59

What occurs when a group member is uncertain about an expectation and perceive the expectation as unclear, therefore; may not accurately performs his/her assigned purpose in the group?

Answer 59

Role Ambiguity

Question 60

What is the position that a group member takes on when the member performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among other group members?

Answer 60

The member takes on a Relationship Building Role

Question 61

What is the concept that dictates a common characteristic of people as being somewhat mutually dependent on one another to accomplish a group task or goal?

Answer 61

Interdependency

Question 62

What is the quality exhibited when members of a group are similar in terms of their abilities, skills, resources, and/or social makeup that are required to accomplish the groups task or mission?

Answer 62

Homogeneous

Question 63

What is the quality exhibited when members of a group are diversified in terms of their abilities, skills, resources and/or social makeup that are required to accomplish the group’s task or mission? Each member of the group have different abilities and skills and these differences comes together to accomplish a task or mission.

Answer 63

Heterogeneous

Question 64

What is the underlying pattern of roles, norms, and relations among members of a group?

Answer 64

Group Structure

Question 65

What is the consistent and logical, also known as, coherent set of behaviors expected of people who occupy specific positions within a group? Itis a part of a group structure.

Answer 65

Group Roles

Question 66

What is the part of a group structure that regulates the group activities by identifying what is acceptable and what is not? It is the social standards that regulate group member’s behaviors.

Answer 66

Group Norms

Question 67

What is formed when two or more persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that each influences and is influenced by each other while achieving a common purpose, mission, or task?

Answer 67

Group

Question 68

What occurs when bonds develops within a group? The strength of bonds links individuals in the group together. It is sometimes referred to as the glue that keeps the group together.

Answer 68

Cohesion

Question 69

What is the smaller group within a larger group which consist of individuals who share a common goals, values, and expectations? These smaller groups are sometimes at odds with other smaller groups and perhaps the larger group’s goals, values, and expectations.

Answer 69

Cliques

Question 70

What role does a person takes on when they demonstrates unproductive behavior that hinders the group from achieving organizational objectives?

Answer 70

Blocking Role

Question 71

What term best describes when a person demonstrates exemplary leadership behaviors irrespective of their organizational role?

Answer 71

Upward Leadership

Question 72

What type of organizational member who demonstrates a low level of critical thinking and low levels of engagement in the organizational mission?

Answer 72

Passive Follower

Question 73

What is the concept that describes an organization’s resources and how an individual might focus solely on their rights and needs versus respecting the common good, while acknowledging the mutual responsibilities he/she has with others?

Answer 73

Organizational Commons

Question 74

What is the act of committing and working cooperatively with other followers and leaders to achieve shared goals by harmonizing individual roles and goals with the larger vision of the group and may include acting like a leader when required by the situation?

Answer 74

Followership

Question 75

What is a collaborator with the leaders in the work of an organization?

Answer 75

Follower

Question 76

What is an organizational member who demonstrates a high level of critical thinking and high levels of engagement in the organizational mission?

Answer 76

Exemplary Follower

Question 77

What is the condition describing what happens to individuals who eventually fail as leaders, despite performing well for a long time in followership and junior leadership roles?

Answer 77

Derailment

Question 78

What is the organizational member who demonstrates a low level of critical thinking and a high level of engagement in the organizational mission?

Answer 78

Conformist Follower

Question 79

What is the organizational member who demonstrates a high level of critical thinking but low levels of engagement in the organizational mission?

Answer 79

Alienated Follower

Question 80

What is the value a recipient places on a reward offered in exchange for completing a task?

Answer 80

Valence

Question 81

What is the compensation that one receives for the amount of effort extended?

Answer 81

Reward aka Reward Outcome

Question 82

What is an acceptable level of accomplishment of the task at hand?

Answer 82

Performance Objective aka Performance Outcome

Question 83

What is the belief that achieving an acceptable level of performance will result of the task at hand?

Answer 83

Instrumentality

Question 84

What is the application of knowledge, a skills and abilities an individual possesses?

Answer 84

Individual Behaviors

Question 85

What term best describe the process ofselecting a desired end states as a way to motivate followers?

Answer 85

Goal Setting

Question 86

What is a desired end state?

Answer 86

Goal

Question 87

Which theory claims that motivation is a function of expectancy, instrumentality and valence?

Answer 87

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Question 88

What is an individual’s belief that he/she can perform a task to an acceptable level?

Answer 88

Expectancy

Question 89

What are anything that provides direction, intensity, and persistence to behavior?

Answer 89

Motivation

Question 90

What is the Phenomenon that explains why some behaviors are repeated while others stop?

Answer 90

Law of Effect

Question 91

What is the presentation of reinforcements after a fixed number of correct or desired responses (E.G. after every third arrest.)

Answer 91

Fixed Ration Schedule

Question 92

When reinforcers are presented after corrected or desired responses on a fix time schedule (e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, ect.)?

Answer 92

Fixed Interval Schedule

Question 93

When future behaviors decreases in frequency because there is no consequence to current behavior?

Answer 93

Extinction

Question 94

What is the presentation of reinforcement irregularly around an average number of correct or desired responses (e.g./ the way a slot machine pays out.)? This is a powerful way to sustain desired behavior for a long period of time.

Answer 94

Variable Ration Schedule

Question 95

What is the representation of reinforcement irregularly around an average time (e.g, after one day, and two days, averaging reinforcement every two days)? This is a powerful way to sustain desired behavior for long periods of time.

Answer 95

Variable Interval Schedule

Question 96

What involves in learning by comparing oneself to others?

Answer 96

Social Comparison Processes

Question 97

What is the process of controlling one’s own behavior by comparing one’s behavior to one’s personal standards and subsequently applying internal consequences?

Answer 97

Self-Regulation

Question 98

What is the effect of increasing the future, desired behavior by the presentation of a positive or pleasant consequence following current behavior?

Answer 98

Positive Reinforcement aka Reward Contingency

Question 99

What are consequences that increases the occurrence of a behavior in the future?

Answer 99

Reinforcements

Question 100

What is the effect of increasing the future, desired behavior by the presentation of a positive or pleasant consequence following current behavior?

Answer 100

Reward Contingency AKA Positive Reinforcement

Question 101

What are any behavioral reaction that someone undertakes voluntarily in response to a demand or cue from his/her environment?

Answer 101

Operant Response

Question 102

What is an approach to learning and motivation based on the relationship between person’s behavior and the consequences they subsequently personally experience?

Answer 102

Operant Conditioning

Question 103

What is a method of learning by watching the behavior of others and the associated consequences? This also includes concepts such as vicarious extinction, vicarious learning, vicarious punishment, and vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 103

Observational Learning

Question 104

What is the theoretical model originating from psychologist B.F. Skinner that has changed over time? In this model the term Punishment was Skinner’s original definition of this model.

Answer 104

Negative Reinforcement

Question 105

What is a collection of three theories that, in different ways, explain how consequences that follow behavior control that behavior? The theories included in this collection are operant conditioning, observation learning, and self-regulation.

Answer 105

Motivation through Consequence (MTC)

Question 106

What type of reinforcement schedule follows the “Every Correct or desired behavior” approach? This results in the quick learning of new behavior, but poor sustained behavior when the reinforcement is removed.

Answer 106

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Question 107

What follows a behavior? Example is when a person sticks his finger into a light socket which results in a shock.

Answer 107

Consequences

Question 108

What typically results in successful task accomplishments?

Answer 108

On-Task Behavior

Question 109

What typically results in unsuccessful task accomplishments?

Answer 109

Off-Task Behavior

Question 110

What term best describes what people say or do? This is related to but not the same as what one thinks, how one feels, one’s underlying attitude, or overall performance in accomplishing tasks.

Answer 110

Behavior

Question 111

What is the common tendency for the actor in a particular situation to blame external factors for his or her unsuccessful behavior while, concurrently, an observer tends to blame internal factors for the same behavior?

Answer 111

Actor/Observer Bias

Question 112

What is the leader’s tendency to be less likely to punish the follower who says he/she is sorry for his/her behavior?

Answer 112

Apology Effect

Question 113

What is the process of making inferences and judgement’s about the cause of people’s behavior?

Answer 113

Attribution

Question 114

What is the process of making an attribution based on how other people perform a specific task?

Answer 114

Consensus

Question 115

What is the process of making an attribution about a person based on how well (or poorly) he/she does on a variety of different tasks?

Answer 115

Distinctiveness

Question 116

What is the process of making an attribution based on how a person performed the same task on other occasions?

Answer 116

Consistency

Question 117

What is the tendency to overvalue internal factors in explaining someone’s behavior, while undervaluing external factors?

Answer 117

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 118

What is the process of assigning blame or credit for a person’s behavior including one’s own behavior to that person’s ability or lack of ability?

Answer 118

Internal Attribution

Question 119

What is the process of assigning blame or credit for a person’s behavior including one’s own behavior to external factors beyond the person’s ability or lack of ability?

Answer 119

External Attribution

Question 120

What is the tendency for a leader to punish a follower more severely if the follower’s behavior has a negative consequences?

Answer 120

Negative Outcome Bias

Question 121

What is the tendency to attribute one’s own success to one’s ability, and to blame failures on external factors beyond one’s control?

Answer 121

Self Serving Bias

Question 122

What is the study of human interaction, including the study of attraction, attitude formation, influences of which leadership is a part and group dynamics?

Answer 122

Social Psychology

Question 123

What term best describes an employee perceptions are rewards he/she receives for his services? Example includes pay, benefits, praise, and promotions.

Answer 123

Outcomes

Question 124

Which theory deals with perceptions of fairness in an organization?

Answer 124

Organizational Justice Theory

Question 125

What is the perception of the focal person are his contributions to the exchange, for which he expects a just return? Some examples includes work effort, experience, education, training and intelligence.

Answer 125

Inputs

Question 126

What exists when someone perceives that the ratio of his/her outcomes to inputs is not equal to the ratio of someone else outcomes to input?

Answer 126

Inequity

Question 127

What term best describes individuals withperception ofequity or inequity by comparing himself or herself with others?

Answer 127

Focal Person

Question 128

What term best describes an organizational leader who directly supervises, manages, and leads the employees involved in a given situation or case study?

Answer 128

Focal Leader

Question 129

Which theory assumes that people value fair treatment when comparing themselves with others, and that the perception of inequity motivates people to take actions?

Answer 129

Equity Theory

Question 130

What is a person’s ration of inputs and outcomes, as compared to his/hers perception of another person’s ration of inputs and outcome?

Answer 130

Comparison Ratio

Question 131

What type of followers are considered like a festering wound in the organization when in their minds they think themselves as Mavericks to think for themselves as being the true conscious of the organization?

Answer 131

Alienated Followers

Question 132

What is the manner in which a person demonstrates and signals his or her full attention to a conversation with another person. This type of behavior involves being relaxed, maintaining eye contact, active listening and verbal following.

Answer 132

Attending Behavior

Question 133

What is the process in which a person receives help to plan for the future with the organization?

Answer 133

Career-development counseling

Question 134

What is the process of transferring information from one person to another? If successful then the intended message of the sender is understood by the intended receiver.

Answer 134

Communication

Question 135

What are distortions, disruptions, and breakdowns that are part of the transmission process of communication, and that lead to a difference between the message and its meaning as intended by the sender and the message and its meaning as perceived by the receiver?

Answer 135

Noises

Question 136

What are the ways in which we arrange and present the words in a communication process? These ways include tone, rate, inflection, pauses, facial expression, gestures, posture, and eye contact, among others.

Answer 136

Nonverbal communications

Question 137

What is the process in which a person receives help to perform more effectively?

Answer 137

Performance-centered Counseling

Question 138

What is the process in which a person receives help to resolve their personal problem that is interfering with performance?

Answer 138

Problem-centered counseling

Question 139

What is the differences in the way people view themselves and the challenges they face?

Answer 139

Self-Identity

Question 140

What can cause a hamper in communication due to the manner in which sources and receivers perceive their roles? In order to be effective, a leader must educate himself on the role and responsibility of his follower, thus; enabling him/her to be able to assign tasks and project without being questioned by his/her follower?

Answer 140

Role

Question 141

In communication, what is the distance between communicators? For instance, is an important indicator of attitude between source and receiver. People tend to stand farther away from people they do not know or do not like and closer to those they do know or do like.

Answer 141

Proximity

Question 142

People tend to relax with those they like and is indicated when they lean forward, maintain an open arm position or use physical gestures, such as placing a hand on an arm.

In communication, this is an example of what?

Answer 142

Posture

Question 143

Facial cues, such as eye contact, can indicate the degree of liking. People tend to maintain eye contact with those they like and avoid eye contact with those they dislike.

In communication, these are examples of what?

Answer 143

Facial Expression

Question 144

In communication, nonverbal indicators can be critical. People sometime listen to these indicators as they listen to a message. What are these nonverbal indicators call?

Answer 144

Vocal Tone

Question 145

In communication, this nonverbal quality sends a powerful message. High status people may display appropriate ornaments, as in the military, or subtler outward signs such as the current executive style of clothing. What are these nonverbal quality call?

Answer 145

Appearance/Dress

Question 146

What is the characteristic that allows leaders to gain greater personal understanding? A leader who possesses this is able to answer two questions: “Who am I?” and “What is important to me?” As this quality increases, the leader can view others more accurately and reduce the tendency to project feelings and values on others while giving advice.

Answer 146

Self-awareness

Question 147

What is the quality that is demonstrated with the consistency between the leaders’ statement and action? A leader who possesses this quality practices what he/she preaches.

Answer 147

Congruence

Question 148

What is the attribute that includes a belief that followers are responsible for their actions and that it is important to allow them to maintain that responsibility? A leader who posses this quality will focus on issues and remove obstacles, allowing followers to generate their own solutions.

Answer 148

Respect for Others

Question 149

What is a fundamental quality that helps build trust? This quality allows a leader to be open and straightforward in their observations of others, yet at the same time are willing to admit to their own limitations.

Answer 149

Honesty

Question 150

What is the skill that allows a leader to go beyond what the person is saying and understand what the person means? One aspect of this skill is paying attention and attending.

Answer 150

Active Listening

Question 151

Which term best describes when the focal person increases or decreases his effort in an attempt to match his or her outcomes with those of the reference source?

Answer 151

Altering Inputs

Question 152

Which term best describes when the focal person attempts to increase his outcomes by approaching the boss, submitting a grievance, utilizing the labor union, or possibly filing a lawsuits?

Answer 152

Altering Outcomes

Question 153

Which term best describes when the focal person distorts the value of the inputs or outcomes? For example, she/he might say, “I didn’t really study for that promotion,” or “The transfer process was rigged for their favorite person.”

Answer 153

Psychologically Distorting Inputs/Outcomes

Question 154

What best describes when the focal person increases, decreases, or distorts the inputs/outcomes of the reference source? This is done by attempting to apply pressure to get the reference source to reduce effort or receive less reward.

Answer 154

Acting on the Reference Source

Question 155

Which approach involves switching the reference source to some person, group, or pattern having more nearly the same capability and reward as the focal person?

Answer 155

Changing Reference Source

Question 156

Which term best describes concerns employees’ perceptions about whether the level of reward or punishment is commensurate with an individual’s performance or infraction? Tension can occur when the employee believes that someone has received too little or too much reward or punishment.

Answer 156

Distributive Justice

Question 157

Which type of justice has to do with the perceived fairness of a procedure used to make decisions? For example, if someone is to be punished, others in the organization will be more satisfied if he has gotten adequate warnings and has had the opportunity to explain his actions.

Answer 157

Procedural Justice

Question 158

Which type of justice focuses on the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented? Employees will perceive fairness or unfairness according to the treatment extended by managers and supervisors who are executing procedures or determining outcomes.

Answer 158

Interactional Justice

Question 159

What best describes the process in which member is unwilling to see the merits of others’ ideas or criticizing others excessively?

Answer 159

Faultfinding

Question 160

Which term best describe when a group member gives up something for the group to be successful in an endeavors? When a member choose to do this, group cohesion will be enhanced.

Answer 160

Sacrifice

Question 161

What conditions tends to nurture Transformational Leadership?

Answer 161

1. Crisis, change, and instability
2. Mediocrity
3. Follower Disenchantment
4. Future Opportunity

Question 162

What is the process of acquiring and interpreting data about external and internal environments?

Answer 162

Sensing

Question 163

What is the process of transmitting interpreted data (information) to those parts of the organization that can act on it?

Answer 163

Communicating Information

Question 164

What is the process of making decisions about actions to be taken as a result of sensed information?

Answer 164

Decision Making

Question 165

What is the process of transmitting decisions and decision related orders and instructions to those parts of the organization that must implement them?

Answer 165

Communicating Instructions

Question 166

What is the process of taking actions to maintain internal stability and integration that might otherwise be disrupted by actions taken to cope with changes in the environment?

Answer 166

Stabilizing

Question 167

What is the process of executing actions against an environment (external or internal) as a result of an organizational decision?

Answer 167

Coping Actions

Question 168

What is the process of determining the results of an action through further sensing of the external and internal environments?

Answer 168

Feedback

Question 169

What best describes the type of problem solving that relies on the scientific method, rather than guesswork to diagnose problems?

Answer 169

Systematic Problem Solving

Question 170

What is the most important activity of a learning organization? This process enable knowledge to be spread quickly and efficiently throughout the organization.

Answer 170

Transferring Knowledge

Question 171

Which term best describes a mistake made during the attribution process that leads to erroneous judgement about the cause of an individual’s actions?

Answer 171

Bias

Question 172

Which term best describes a situation where one officer if punished more severely when an accidental discharge of a firearm struck someone versus another officer being punished less severely when an accidental discharge of a firearm did not strike anyone?

Answer 172

Negative outcome bias

Question 173

Which term best describes “ When you do something, you learn that it is enjoyable, so you do it again to repeat the enjoyment. In contrast, any behavior that produces discomfort in a particular situation is less likely to reappear when the situation recurs.”?

Answer 173

Law of Effect

Question 174

Because behaviors are key to successful task completion, what type of behavior should a leader reward or discourage?

Answer 174

Should reward on-task behavior and discourage off-task behavior

Question 175

Officer Joe learn to control the effects of adrenaline and not drive the patrol car too fast only after punishment was imposed. What type of learning did the officer experience?

Answer 175

This is part of the Punishment Function calls “Avoidance Learning”

Question 176

What are the two kinds of positive reinforcement?

Answer 176

Primary and Secondary

Question 177

What is the kind of reinforcement that consist of things that are necessary for life, such as water or food?

Answer 177

Primary positive reinforcement

Question 178

What is the kind of reinforcement that tend to cause learning of work behaviors to include praise, promotions, and/or recognition?

Answer 178

Secondary positive reinforcement

Question 179

What type of learning has occurred when a leader administered a consequence to a person and it also influence the behavior of others in the organization?

Answer 179

observational learning

Question 180

Which term best describe a student comparing his/her test score to another student’s test score?

Answer 180

social comparison processes

Question 181

What occurs when an employee believes that inputs and outcomes are disproportionate when compared to someone else’s?

Answer 181

Inequity

Question 182

As part of the employer-employee exchange, what term best describe what employee brings to the table?

Answer 182

inputs

Question 183

As part of the employer-employee exchange, what term best describe what an employee expects in return for what he/she brought to the table?

Answer 183

outcomes

Question 184

In the Equity Theory Variables, Inputs and Outcomes will always be compared with what?

Answer 184

A reference source

Question 185

What are the three component of the Expectancy Theory of Motivation?

Answer 185

1. Expectancy
2. Instrumentality
3. Valence

Question 186

Which component of the Expectancy Theory of Motivation exist when an individual asks himself “If I try, can I perform to standard?”?

Answer 186

Expectancy

Question 187

Which component of the Expectancy Theory of Motivation exist when an individual asks himself “If I perform to standard, will I get a reward?”?

Answer 187

Instrumentality

Question 188

Which component of the Expectancy Theory of Motivation exist when an individual asks himself “Is the reward something I want?”?

Answer 188

Valence

Question 189

Which theory of motivation assumes that human beings will choose to engage in tasks and activities they believe that can accomplish and which lead to the rewards they want?

Answer 189

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Question 190

Which term best describes the extent to which an individual is personally committed to achieving an organizational goal?

Answer 190

Gaining Goal Acceptance

Question 191

Which term best describes the ability to provide the necessary support element to employees in order for employees to complete the required task?

Answer 191

Providing Support

Question 192

Which term best describes providing people information about their progress toward achieving their goal?

Answer 192

Supplying Feedback

Question 193

Which type of followers are troublesome, cynical, negative, headstrong but lacking judgement, not a team player, of even adversarial to the point of being hostile?

Answer 193

Alienated Follower

Question 194

Which type of follower does not like to stick out, their survivors, tend to be mediocre performers and clog the arteries of many organizations?

Answer 194

Pragmatist Follower

Question 195

Which type of follower are seen by co-workers and leaders ad independent, innovative, creative, and willing to stand up to superiors. These type of followers apply their talents for the benefit of the organization even when confronted with bureaucratic stumbling blocks or passive or pragmatist co-workers.

Answer 195

Exemplary Follower

Question 196

Which term best describe organization like military squads and law enforcement group reliance heavily on each other for support and assistance?

Answer 196

Interdependency

Question 197

Scenario: A patrol officer initiated a new way to approach a crime problem that the squad is dealing with and coordinate efforts by organizing meetings to discuss problem-solving ideas with the new approach.

In the scenario above, what role did the patrol officer take within the squad?

Answer 197

Task-facilitating role

Question 198

Scenario: Some of your squad member are having conflict among each other. You take it upon yourself to help mediate the problem, thus; returning the squad to a tension-free climate.

In the scenario above, what role did you take within the squad?

Answer 198

Relationship-building role

Question 199

Faultfinding in which the member is unwilling to see the the merits of others’ ideas or criticizing other excessively is an example of what role?

Answer 199

Blocking role

Question 200

Which term best describes the facilitation of group survivals. This term makes each group member more predictable as to what behavior is expected of a group. It helps the group avoid embarrassing interpersonal problems and it express the central values of the group and clarify what is distinctive about the group’s identity.

Answer 200

Group Norms

Question 201

A patrol squad is best classify as what type of group composition? The member of these squads need the same abilities, skills, and resources to complete their job.

Answer 201

Homogenous

Question 202

A SWAT team where each group member has unique skills which are required to resolve a myriad of tactical situations can be classify as what type of group composition?

Answer 202

Heterogeneous

Question 203

What intergroup conflict best describes a Crime Prevention Unit taking longer to measure their program effectiveness vs a Patrol Unit can measure their output daily?

Answer 203

Tangible Nature of Work

Question 204

Which intergroup conflict best describes two different shifts do not interact with each other; hence, when one group gets in the way of the other, conflict emerges?

Answer 204

Frequency of Interaction

Question 205

In a minor conflict, the leader may choose to ignore the conflict. The leader hopes that the group will work out their differences for themselves. This is an example of which strategy?

Answer 205

Avoidance

Question 206

Compliant relationships that are characterized by factors such as age, social class, legal designation, and recognized hierarchical position are a function of what bases of social power?

Answer 206

Legitimate Power

Question 207

When a lecturer cite his/her background before the lecture, he/she establishes his expertise thus the speaker’s credibility. In this way, it gives the speaker authority-power to make assertions based upon his or her expertise. This is an example of what type of power within the bases of social power theory?

Answer 207

Expert Power

Question 208

What is an unplanned incremental change made in response to past or current events? This is how the leader response to call for action.

Answer 208

Adaptation

Question 209

Scenario: An organization is considering changing its Employee Evaluation Report. In anticipation of that change, the leadership decides to change the Field Training Officer Performance Report in order to align it with the proposed new evaluation form.

The above scenario is an example of what type of change?

Answer 209

Tuning

Question 210

Scenario: In the 1980s proliferation of computers was a significant change in the technological environment. In order to adapt, some law enforcement agencies began to issue computers to trainees.

The above scenario is an example of what type of change?

Answer 210

Adaptation

Question 211

Scenario: A company leadership saw changes in the environment that would require its employees to possess new or different knowledge, skills, and abilities in order to survive in that environment. In anticipation of those requirements, the leadership made changes in the components of the organizational system as well as the culture of the organization.

The above scenario is an example of what type of change?

Answer 211

Reorientation

Question 212

Scenario: The government dictated that, due to budget cutbacks, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center would be the sole service provider for all law enforcement training. The leadership of internal agency training components recreated their organizational components and culture in order to react successfully to this major change set in motion by external events.

The above scenario is an example of what type of change?

Answer 212

Re-creation