LC6 Flashcards
used by physicians to diagnose and monitor the presence of disease
Laboratory Test
condition of the metabolism of the body early in the morning of after approx 12 hrs of fasting
Basal state
considerations in pre-examination phase
- Physiological variables
- Puncture sites
- Complications and special conditions
- Specimen quality
separation of serum to RBC; distributing the samples needed
Aliquot
Influence of age to :
- RBC Count
- WBC Count
- Renal Function Test
- RBC Count - higher in younger patients
- WBC Count - higher in younger patients
- Renal Function Test - decrease with age
Influence of altitude to :
- RBC Count
- Hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- C-Reactive Proteins
- Uric Acid
- Creatinine
- RBC Count - Elevated in higher altitude
- Hemoglobin - Elevated in higher altitude
- Hematocrit - Elevated in higher altitude
- C-Reactive Proteins - Elevated in higher altitude
- Uric Acid - Elevated in higher altitude
- Creatinine - Decrease in higher altitude
Influence of dehydration to :
- RBC Count
- Iron
- Calcium
- Sodium
- RBC Count - Elevated
- Iron - Elevated
- Calcium - Elevated
- Sodium - Elevated
Influence of diet to :
- High Protein
- Caffeine
- Carbohydrates
- Excessive water and other fluids
- Fatty foods
- High Protein - Elevated NPN Compounds
- Caffeine - Elevated cortisol and ACTH and NEFA
- Carbohydrates - Elevated glucose and insulin
- Excessive water and other fluids - Decreased Hemoglobin
- Fatty foods - Elevated lipid profile
3 tests that are done in the morning
Cortisol, ACTH, Iron
Inappropriate Venipuncture Sites and Troubleshooting in Site Selection
- Arm on side of mastectomy
- Edematous areas
- Hematoma
- Arm in which blood is being transfused
- Scarred area
- Arm with fistulas or vascular grafts
- Sites above an IV cannula
- Obesity
caused by high levels of albumin in urine
Orthostatic Albuminuria, Albuminuria
Chemistry analytes affected by hemolysis
- Potassium
- LDH
- AST
- Magnesium
- Phosphate
catheter is placed in an artery
Arterial Line
used to provide accurate and continuous measurement of patients blood pressure
Arterial Line
permanent surgical connection of an artery and vein by direct fusion and used for dialysis
Arteriovenous Shunt, Fistula, or Graft
reduced the chance of infection, prevention needlesticks, and minimize waste associated with line draws
Blood Sampling Device
Where blood is collected when using a blood sampling device
Arterial or central venous catheter
Catheter or cannula connected to a stopcock or a cap with diaphragm
Heparin or Saline Lock ( Hep-lock )
Done with hep-lock to prevent clogging
flushing w heparin or saline
IV-catheter inserted in a vein to administer fluids
Intravenous sites
not to be used to obtain blood sample
Intravenous sites
tubings inserted to the main vein or artery used for blood collection, monitoring the patient’s pressures, and administering medications and fluids
Central Vascular Access Devices (CVADs)
3 Types of CVADs
- Central venous catheter
- Implanted port
- Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)
rapid swelling at or near the venipuncture site due to blood leaking into the tissues
Hematoma Formation
results from blood loss due to blood draw
Iatrogenic Anemia
happens when blood is filling up the tube rapidly and there is a rapid formation of hematoma on the site
Inadvert Arterial Puncture
avoided by making sure that tapes or bandages are not opened ahead of time
Infection
due to improper site selection, rapid needle insertion, excessive redirection of needle and blind probing
Nerve Injury
blood drawn flowing back into the vein from collection tube = adverse reaction due to the presence of tube additives
Reflux of Anticoagulant
avoided when one follows the proper technique
Vein Damage
3 types of allergies and resolution
- Adhesive allergy - use gauze and remove after 15 mins
- Antiseptic allergy - use a different antiseptic
- Latex allergy - look for sign to indicate allergy and use a non-latex alternative
when patient is on aspirin or anticoagulant bleeding may take a longer time
Excessive Bleeding
temporary loss of consciousness caused by insufficient flow of blood to the brain
Fainting
discontinue procedure until the feeling subsides
Nausea and Vomiting
appearance of small red or purple spots that look like rashes that appear when tourniquet is applied
Petechiae
may lead to incorrect blood-to-additive ratio
Short draws
constituents which has a high concentration of RBC
- Lactate dehydrogenase
- Aspartate aminotransferase
- Potassium
Difference of serum and plasma
- Serum - liquid portion of clotted blood; no anticoagulant
- Plasma - liquid portion of unclotted blood; anticoagulant present
veins that are blocked and results to insufficient blood flow
Collapsed Veins
