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law enforcement: punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

why did punishments change between 1500-1700?

A
  • increased fear of crime
  • growth of towns
  • needed harsher
    deterrents
  • introduction of rehabilitation
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2
Q

how did attitudes in society lead to changing punishments in the period 1500-1700?

A

economy growing so people are struggling with money so therefore crime rates increase (robbery, fraud)

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3
Q

how did towns lead to changing punishments in the period 1500-1700?

A

growth of towns led to increase crime rates as people moved to where work was more prominent

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4
Q

how did religion lead to changing punishments in the period 1500-1700?

A

centralization of power and control was enforced by the Tudors to ensure a rebellion did not occur. the church became less important.

(extra: this led to benefit of the clergy ending in 1576, and sanctuary ending in 1623)

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5
Q

what crimes was the death penalty used for
1750-1850?

A
  • stealing
  • counterfeiting
  • stealing cattle
  • pick-pocketing (over 1 shilling)
  • taking fish
  • cutting down trees
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6
Q

problems with the death penalty
1750-1850?

A
  • often people did not want to send people to die so they did not press charges
  • jury’s were less likely to send people to death as they did not want to be responsible for someone dying
  • public hangings were popular entertainment so they did not work as a deterrent
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7
Q

how did the death penalty change
1750-1850?

A
  • only treason and murder got the death penalty
  • 1980’s: 95% of people who were sent to death, were not killed
  • eighteen century: philosophers were discussing that crimes were to harsh
  • transportation was more widely used
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8
Q

what crimes was transportation used for?
1750-1850

A
  • criminals who had committed bad crimes but not bad enough to be killed
  • reduce crime rates by removing the criminal out of the country
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9
Q

what were the problems with transportation 1750-1850?

A
  • prisoners who failed to complete their sentence returned to Britain without a “ticket of leave”, were sentenced to death
  • by 1810, Lord Justice described transportation as a “summer excursion” meaning it was not a good deterrent
  • by 1830: cost 1/2 million to do
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10
Q

what changes were made to transportation in the 1750-1850?

A
  • Australia did not want to take people anymore
  • the whole system declined by 1840’s
  • 1857 transportation was brought to an end
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11
Q

when did transportation end

A

1857

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12
Q

what crimes were prisons used for?
1750-1850?

A
  • mostly petty crimes
  • hold criminals waiting for death or transportation
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13
Q

what were the problems with prisons
1750-1850?

A
  • 1/3 of all prisoners died in the hulks
  • the poor relied in charities to pay their fees and life was poor
  • prisoners were unpaid, nobody wanted to do it
  • had to pay to see a doctor
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14
Q

what changes were made to prisons in 1750-1850?

A
  • Elizabeth Fry believed in rehabilitation, (she worked with females)
  • peneterteries were established
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15
Q

why were more prisons made in the nineteenth century,
end of other punishments

A

prisoners was seen as an increasingly good option as an execution or transportation

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16
Q

why were more prisons made in the nineteenth century,
changing ideas of dealing with criminals

A

reformers wanted harsher punishments yet also safe for prisoners health

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17
Q

what was the new idea of the separate system

A

a system when prisoners were kept apart as much as possible

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18
Q

how was the separate system prisons run

A

prisoners lived in seperate cells, and kept isolated up to 23h a day.

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19
Q

when was pentoville prison built

A

1842

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20
Q

describe how pentoville prison designed

A

the building had 5 wings, each wing had many individual cells, all designed to encourage isolation. cells consisted of spaces 4m by 2m, a small window was located at the top to allow natural sunlight

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21
Q

what were the positives of the separate system

A
  • had developed new technology, (ventilation and heating system) - this improves health and life
  • most cells featured running water (piped water)
  • provides prisoners with an opportunity for individual improvement.
  • at the time the idea for individual cell system: solitude to encourage reform, lack of influence from other prisoners, helps with rehabilitation
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22
Q

negatives of the separate system

A
  • solitary conditions meant prisoners suffered from mental illnesses due to lack of human contact
  • high suicide rate
  • no communication
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23
Q

what was the mental illnesses prisoners in the separate system suffered

A

depression and psychosis

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24
Q

when was the silent system introduced

A

1865 prison act

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25
Q

what was the garroters scandal

A

a issue where some people hid in the shadows, they partly strangled people so they could be robbed easily. many people blamed criminals who had been released for good behavior.

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26
Q

explain the new ideas about why people committed crimes
1865 prison act

A
  • people believed there was an identifiable “criminal type” who was physically recognizable and less evolved than the rest of society
  • criminals could not be reformed only determined
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27
Q

what was the new silent system introduced

A

prisoners were expected to be silent at all times.

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28
Q

what was hard board idea in the silent systems

A

hard wooden bunks replaced hammocks to sleep on, these were deliberately uncomfortable

29
Q

what was the hard labor idea in the silent system

A

prisoners were expected to take part in hard labor, it was deliberately pointless work for several hours of the day

30
Q

what was the hard fare idea in the silent system

A

food was described as “hard fare”, it was adaquaent but monotomus food - all the time
also disobeying the rules could result on being put on a diet or bread and water only

31
Q

how had prisons changed
before 1947?

A
  • 1900 prisons had already moved away from separate systems
  • use of pointless hard work was abolished by 1902
  • solitary confinement ended in 1922
32
Q

when did solitary confinement end

A

1922

33
Q

when did the use of pointless hard work end

A

1902

34
Q

why did prisons change before 1947

A
  • fear of crime had decreased therefore the government was under less pressure to make prisons harsher
  • many citizens believed poverty or criminal environment had the biggest effect on criminal ideas
35
Q

how has prisons changed after 1947

A
  • prison population had increased after the 1940’s
  • prison overcrowding peaked in the 1950
  • this led to an increased amount of serious assaults occurring in prison
  • more deaths in police custody
  • after the war
36
Q

why have prisons changed after 1947/ reasons for prison population increase

A

reasons for increased prison population:
- average length of prison sentences increased
- increase chance of prison sentence for certain offences
- increased no. of people on remand

37
Q

alternatives to prison

A
  • parole was introduced
  • suspended sentences were introduced
  • community service orders were introduced
  • electronic tagging was introduced
38
Q

when was parole introduced, and explain it

A

1967
prisoners no longer had to serve their entire sentence if they were well-behaved

39
Q

when was suspended sentences introduced and explain it

A

1967
if offenders did not re offend they were not sent to prison

40
Q

when was community service orders introduced and explain it

A

1972
offenders were required to do between 40-300 hours of unpaid work

41
Q

when was electronic tagging introduced and explain it

A

1990
having to wear an electronic tag, used to track location - possible to set a curfew

42
Q

reasons for change to switching to alternatives in prison

A
  1. high rates of recidivism after release (mostly young offenders
  2. younger prisoners could learn from older more experienced criminals if they remained in close quarters with them
  3. prisons are very expensive to the government
  4. prisons do not deal with social/personal problems that caused the offender to commit
43
Q

Victorian attitude toward young offenders

A

harsh and children were treated the same way as adults
(extra: in an exam possibly link to Edward Andrews (hung himself due to how he was being treated in prisons))

44
Q

twentieth century attitude to young offenders

A

moved away from harsher punishments, focused more heavily on reform. people believed young offenders were easy to change as they did not have a fixed mindset yet

45
Q

how was the idea of reform introduced with young offenders

A
  • people believed positive influences and a good environment around young offenders could maybe deterre them from committing
  • ## purposefully separating young criminals from more experienced ones
46
Q

when was borstals opened

A

1902
an institution for criminals under 18

47
Q

when was more schools opened to help young offenders

A

1932
however due to many offenders absconding they were closed

48
Q

when was borstals abolished

A

1982
60% of the criminals re offended and it actuality led to an increase in the amount of crime committed by youth

49
Q

when did the government introduce harsher youth centers

A

1982
military drill and discipline was introduced, however this also led to an increase in crime

50
Q

situation today with young offenders

A

re offending rates are still high
young offenders who have served custodial sentences have high rates of re offending
children can now be placed in custody
sentences may begin with parents if they fail to properly look after their children

51
Q

When was the death penalty abolished?

A

1965 for all crimes except treason in times of war and piracy, for a period of 5 years. However in 1969 it was abolished permanently

52
Q

Explain the controversial case of Ruth Ellis:

A

Ruth Ellis was found guilty of killing her lover, David Blakey, it was described as a “crime of passion”. Their relationship was highly abusive so there was a lot of public support for Ellis. There was no doubt that she was guilty however she had large amounts of public sympathy as she was very glamorous and was featured in different newspapers.

53
Q

Explain the controversial case of Timothy Evans:

A

Evans’s and his wife were lodgers at a house owned by John Christies. John Christie was a prolific serial killer, killing 8 women (this was discovered later). Evans wife became pregnant, they did not want to keep it so John offered to give her an abortion, however John just killed Evans wife and stated that she had died during a botched abortion. Out of guilt and embarrassment, Evans confessed to her murder, he was then hung in 1950. It was then later discovered what had truly happened in 1966.

54
Q

explain the controversial case of Derek Bentley?

A

Derek Bentley was involved in a robbery, with an accomplice. when the police arrived the two men, (Bentley an adult, his accomplice 17) were on the roof. it is speculation, but according to police report, Bentley shouted “give it to him” - there was a gun involved and many people are wondering if it meant to “hand the gun to the officer” or if to shoot him. an officer was shot on the scene by Derek accomplice; gently was captured and as he was an adult he was sent to death. however after psychiatric reports, it revealed that his mental age was 11, so many people thought it was wrong for him to be tried as an adult.

55
Q

why was the death penalty abolished
declining use

A
  • by the 1700’s use of death penalty was declining
  • government abolished bloody code (1820s/1830s) meant that only murder and treason were punishable by death
56
Q

when was public hanging abolished

A

1868

57
Q

when did the government abolish hanging for murder (except specific cases)

A

1957

58
Q

the death penalty was abolished for murder, however certain cases were allowed, what are the specific exceptions:

A
  • murder of police officer/prison guard
  • murder by the means of explosion
  • murder by the means of shooting
  • murder concurring will resisting arrest
  • murder concurring while theft occurs
  • murder of more than 1+ person
59
Q

why was the death penalty abolished
impact of 2nd world war

A
  • after the war and seeing the effects of the Holocaust many people believed that the death sentence was un-christian and barbaric
  • the idea of killing seemed on par with Hitler and his ideologies so it was highly frowned upon
60
Q

when was the united nations deceleration of human rights made

A

1948

61
Q

what was the deceleration of human rights

A

“everyone has the right to liberty, and security of person”
“no-one shall be subjected to torture, or cruel, inhumane or degenerating treatment or punishment”

62
Q

why was the death penalty abolished
NCACP and MP’s

A
  • other European countries has already abolished it without seeing a serious increase in crime rates
  • a lot of murders happened in the spur of the moment meaning the death penalty was not a deterrent
  • execution was against many religions and it was seen as against the idea of “sanctuary of life”
63
Q

what does NCACP stand for

A

national campaign for the abolition of capital punishment

64
Q

Middle Ages Punishments: change

A
  • Hung, drawn and quartered
  • beheaded
65
Q

Middle Ages Punishments: continuity

A

Still relied heavily on fines, corporal punishment such as mutilation and hanging executions for
other crimes

66
Q

what was the bloody code?

A

The increase in crimes carrying the death penalty. It was supposed to deter
people from committing crimes. It did not work as a deterrent as most crimes were committed
by poor people in a state of desperation.

67
Q

1908 children act explain

A

under 16s could no longer be executed. By 1933 a
second Children’s Act made it no under 18 to be executed.

68
Q

what was the 1922 the Infanticide Act

A

meaning mothers that kill their new born
babies would not be executed. The law took into account a woman’s mental
health after child birth

69
Q

why was the death penalty only declared for serious murder crimes

A

Due to the work of the Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins, The Homicide Act of 1957

History (9 decks)

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