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law enforcement: crime Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the problem of smuggling

A

The government added tax on goods imported to England, so people smuggled the goods in illegally and sold it on; making it cheaper for people to buy as there was no tax.

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2
Q

Explain the problem of highway robbery

A

People robbed others on the dirt roads linking towns and villages.

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3
Q

What was poaching?

A

A Normal forest law, which stated punishments would occur if people poached on private land.

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4
Q

Who were the plotters in the gunpowder plot

A

They were catholics who wanted to assassinate James 1st. It was led by Robert Catesby, Thomas Winton and Guy Fawkes

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5
Q

What was the Gunpowder plot

A

On November 5th, gun powder would be placed under parliament while it was active. It was then to explode - killing James 1st and his members of parliament, making way for a new catholic ruler

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6
Q

What were the punishments faced for the plotters of the gunpowder plot

A

They were hung, drawn and quartered. Mutilated and intestines removed while they were alive. This was done so they would appear in heaven mangled and broken.

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7
Q

Why did the gunpowder plot fail

A

On October 6th - Lord Montagle was informed of the plot by an unknown letter. A trap was set and the culprits were captured, Guy Fawkes confessed under torture and the plot failed.

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8
Q

Why did gunpowder plot originate

A

To remove James 1st who was the Protestant king, and bring back Catholicism to England, followed the excommunication of Elizabeth in 1570, the pope encouraged these efforts to remove the current king

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9
Q

Types of crime

A

Crime against a person
Crime against property
Crime against authority
Social crime

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10
Q

Common crimes occurring 1000-1500

A

Crime against a person: murder/beating
Crime against authority: drunk & disorderly
Crime against property: theft
Crime of treason: going against the king, betraying a lord/Nobel

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11
Q

What were the forest laws

A

They stated it was illegal to catch an animal in the Forest of Dean, or hunt on private lands

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12
Q

How did forest laws change

A

Trees could no longer be cut down to be used for fuel or building. People were forbidden from having a bow and arrow, or a dog. Anyway caught breaking these laws faced punishments of lost fingers or blindness

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13
Q

Changing definition of crime 1500-1700
Explain 3 new crimes introduced

A

Crime of smuggling
Crime of heresy and treason
Oliver Cromwells moral laws

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14
Q

Name some laws that remained the same between 1500-1700

A

Theft
Properly damage
Poaching
Murder / assault / sexual assault

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15
Q

Explain the new crime : heresy and treason

A

Introduced between 1500-1700, refusing to follow the state religion was an offence against the state, as well as a religious offence. It came after the 1599 act of uniformity and act of supremacy.

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16
Q

Explain the new crime: Smuggling

A

There was import duties on goods including alcohol and tea - many people did not want to pay tax goods so smugglers brought them in illegally and sold them cheaper, therefore avoiding tax. This was a social crime as many people benefitted of it, even the wealthy supported it.

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17
Q

Explain the new crime: Oliver Cromwells moral laws

A

These were introduced in the 1650’s. Cromwell was a the lord protector, he was a puritan and a strict anti-catholic. He banned catholic traditions (Christmas), he also banned all sports on Sundays. He also banned festivals and drinking.

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18
Q

What is homophobic crimes

A

Homosexuality was illegal in the uk until 1967, sexual offences act decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21. This was known as the sexual revolution

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19
Q

What is terrorism crime

A

Terrorism is the use of violence, fear or intimidation to publicise a political cause. Terrorists want to recruit others who are sympathetic to their causes and intimidate those who do not share the same views

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20
Q

Types of law enforcement in Anglo-Saxon England

A

Tithings
Hue & cry
Trail by local jury

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21
Q

Explain tithings

A

It was a self-help system, there was a group of 10 men who were responsible for each other’s behaviour. If one of them broke a law, the rest were responsible for bringing them to court

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22
Q

Explain hue and cry

A

If a crime was committed a witness or victim was responsible to raise the “hue and cry”. This meant people from the village were supposed to hunt and catch the criminal. If a person did not join, the village had to pain a heavy fine

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23
Q

Explain trail by local jury

A

It was up to the jury to decide who was innocent and not. They were swear on an oath

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24
Q

Church based law enforcement
explain trial by ordeal

A

if the local jury could not decide, then the Saxons decided to turn to god to help decide.

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25
Q

explain the 4 types of trial by ordeal

A

trialed by hot iron
trialed by cold water
trialed by blessed bread
trialed by hot water

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26
Q

explain trial by hot iron

A

the accused had to pick up a red-hot weight and walk for 3 paces. if the accused was healing, they were innocent but if the accused were starting to blister or not heal, they would be found guilty

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27
Q

explain trial by cold water

A

the accused was thrown into water, if they sunk they were innocent, whereas if they floated it was said that the water had “rejected them” and they were found guilty

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28
Q

explain by trialed by blessed bread

A

Trial by sacrament (or blessed bread) was mainly used for the clergy and involved the accused praying that if they were guilty they would choke on a slice of bread, they would then eat the bread and if they survived they were innocent.

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29
Q

explain trial by hot water

A

the accused would put his hand into boiling water to pick up an object, the hand would then be wrapped and checked 3 days later. if the accused was innocent the wound would be healing cleanly but if the accused was guilty, it wouldn’t be healing well

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30
Q

what are the 3 types of growth of royal law enforcement

A
  • 1194: coroners - to investigate suspicious deaths
  • 1316: justices of the peace - important local people appointed by the king to enforce royal law. they would listen to trials 4 times a year and enforce the law
  • the royal court (established by Henry 11): royal judges appointed by the king to tour the country listening to legal cases
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31
Q

What are the 3 church based law enforcement

A

church courts
benefit of the clergy
sanctuary

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32
Q

explain church courts:

A

church courts could try an employee of the church accused of a crime in its own courts, presided over by a bishop. often more lenient and never death sentences. Also dealt with moral offences committed by people.

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33
Q

explain benefit of the clergy

A

the right to be tried in a church court and avoid the death penalty. meant just for priests and above, but could be claimed by anyone working for the church.
the test was to read psalm 51 from the bible, “the neck verse”, but this could be learnt by heart.

34
Q

explain sanctuary:

A

anyone who was on the run could claim sanctuary in a church, they could not be removed for 40 days and could decide whether to face trail or leave the country. if they chose to leave, they had to walk barefoot, carrying a wooden cross, to the nearest port and board the 1st ship overseas.

35
Q

when did trial by ordeal end

A

1215 by pope innocent

36
Q

law enforcement 1000-1500

A

justices of the peace
hue and cry
tithing
coroner
trial by ordeal
sheriff

37
Q

explain justices of the peace

A

they were people of local importance, usually a well-off land owner, who took the job for the prestige it offered. they judged manor court cases, they could fine people, send them to the stokes/pillory, order people to be whipped, assisted by constable

38
Q

explain the role of coroner

A

introduced by Richard 111, someone to investigate suspicious deaths

39
Q

explain the role of sheriff

A

introduced by Edward 111, these were important local people, appointed by the king, who met 4 times a year to listen to important trials

40
Q

explain 2 changes in law enforcement by 1700

A
  1. due to growth of towns, the roles of town constable and night watchmen were introduced to cope with the increasing crime rates
  2. royal power expanded, and church court power declined. kings become increasingly concerned about enforcing people to follow royal laws
41
Q

explain night watchmen, roles and position

A
  • work is overseen by town constable
  • all householders are expected to serve as night watchmen, as part of the duties of male citizens
  • take turns to patrol local area between 10pm and dawn
  • rings a bell to warn criminals, and carry’s a light
  • unpaid volunteers who also have to do their day jobs
42
Q

explain town constables, role and position

A
  • employed by town authorities
  • appointed by local people
  • people chosen: good standing in the community, usually merchants, whose business benefit from good law enforcement
  • has some powers to arrest people, without the need for a warrant
  • helps with local administrative issues like collecting payments
  • expected to stop suspected criminals, break up fights and round up beggars
  • expected to turn in serious criminals to the courts
43
Q

explain the role of the thief taker

A

paid a reward for catching criminals and delivering them to the magistrates.

44
Q

problems with the thief taker role

A

it was open for corruption
some criminals took the role, to make money and report rival gangs.

45
Q

explain the fielding brothers

A

Henry fielding and John fielding were London magistrates, they believed more men were needed on London’s streets to reduce crime. they believed rising crime rates were due to the breakdown if everyone moving to London for better job opportunities.
due to the fielding brothers a more organised system was established by 1800.

46
Q

what were the bow street runners

A

the fielding brothers established the bow street runners, they were a collective team of thief catchers who patrolled London
the also investigated crimes and presented evidence in court

47
Q

what were the horse patrol

A

horse patrols were introduced to stop highway men, the effectively ended highway robbery in London

48
Q

what was the hue & cry newspaper

A

the newspaper published information on criminals, stolen good, and crime in general. magistrates from all over the country passed on information and details, to establish a network of criminals

49
Q

reasons for setting up the MET

A
  • overcrowding in towns and cities
  • large Victorian fear of crime
50
Q

when was the police force set up

A

1829

51
Q

who set up the MET

A

Robert Peel

52
Q

When was the MET set up

A

The Metropolitan Police Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. 44) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, introduced by Sir Robert Peel, which established the Metropolitan Police.

53
Q

why was peel able to set up the met, explain 5 reasons

A

fear of protest
backed by government officials
growth of towns
increased fear of crime
government and taxation

54
Q

why was peel able to set up the met:
government and taxation
explain

A

governments had become involved in people lives more, (due to war with France), the war would cost more money to the country, therefore increasing tax prices. this tax could therefore help pay for a police-force

55
Q

why was peel able to set up the met:
increased fear of crime
explain

A

widespread fear of an increase in crime, after the war with France unemployment had increased, therefore leading to an increase in crime

56
Q

why was peel able to set up the met:
growth of towns
explain

A

rapid growth of towns and cities made the use of constables and night watchmen seem inadequate. these problems were especially bad in London, which led to a fear of revolution or crime

57
Q

why was peel able to set up the met:
backed by government support
explain

A

peel reassured politicians that the police force was no threat to freedom, he was appointed home secretary in 1822. he was determined to improve peoples lives by reducing crime

58
Q

when was peel made home secretary

A

1822

59
Q

why was peel able to set up the met:
fear of protest
explain

A

after the french revolution governments and landowners feared the same would happen. cost of living prices increased which led to many large scale protests after 1815.

60
Q

numbers and policing (police force)
1900

A
  • around 200 local police forces, all run differently
  • little cooperation between forces
  • 42,000 officers
61
Q

numbers and policing (police force)
modern day

A
  • 43 police forces in England and wales
  • women officers appeared in 1920’s
  • more women and ethnic police officers
62
Q

training and recruitment (police force)
1900

A
  • military drill was the only training
  • all officers were male
  • low quality and poorly paid recruits
63
Q

training and recruitment (police force)
modern day

A
  • undertake 14 weeks of basic training at the national training college
  • local forces have specialized units to continue training
  • crime has become more specialized meaning more specific training units are needed
64
Q

transport (police force)
1900

A
  • officers walked everywhere
65
Q

transport (police force)
modern day

A
  • cars and motorcycles are used since 1930’s
  • use of helicopters to track suspects
  • 2010’s some officers reintroduced bicyle and foot patrol for better community relations
66
Q

equipment (police force)
1900

A
  • whistle to call for help
  • wooden truncheon
  • pistols at police stations used for emergency
67
Q

equipment (police force)
modern day

A
  • still carry batons or truncheons
  • pepper spray or gas used to calm violent suspects
  • specialist officers carry firearms
  • 1930’s: 2 way radios were introduced to help with communication (now all officers carry them)
68
Q

crime detection tools (police force)
1900

A
  • eyewitnesses and the officer
  • overhearing situations
  • witness statements
69
Q

crime detection tools (police force)
modern day

A
  • cctv and other security records are used
  • ANPR: automatic number plate recognition
  • fingerprint and chemical analysis of blood
  • DNA analysis
70
Q

record keeping
(police force)
1900

A
  • local record keeping was poor
  • no national record of criminals
71
Q

recording keeping
(police force)
modern day

A
  • computer records used
  • can be accessed 24h a day
72
Q

main duties (police force)
1900

A
  • dealing with crime, petty theft
  • dealing with drunkenness
73
Q

main duties (police force)
modern day

A
  • increasingly dealing with non-crime related incidents
    (mental health, drunkenness, missing person)
  • crowd control
  • crime
74
Q

law enforcement between 1000-1500

A

hue and cry
tithings
parish constables
coroners

75
Q

causes of change in law enforcement between 1000-1500

A
  • Anglo Saxon rule
  • power under William the conqueror
  • church power
76
Q

law enforcement between 1500-1700

A

watchmen introduced
town constables
hue and cry
witch finder general

77
Q

causes of change in law enforcement between 1500-1700

A
  • church lost power
  • economy becomes a factor
78
Q

crimes in 1500-1700

A

vagabondage / vagrancy
crimes against property
crimes against murder
treason
heresy
witchcraft

79
Q

law enforcement 1700-1900

A

thief taker general
bow street runners

80
Q

when were bow street runners introduced

A

1748

81
Q

when was thief taker general appointed

A

1718

82
Q

crimes 1700-1900

A

highway robbery
smuggling
poaching

History (9 decks)

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