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ISS > Latin America > Flashcards

Latin America Flashcards

1
Q

isthmus

A

narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas

major: isthmus of Panama

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2
Q

basin

A

area of land drained by a given river & its branches

area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations

bowl-shaped, formed by erosion(inland sea)

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3
Q

gaucho

A

Spanish

cowhands employed by ranchers on large estates to drive heads of cattle across pampas

Argentine Pampas Plains

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4
Q

tierra templada

A

Spanish term for “temperate land”

the middle altitude zone of Latin American highlands climates

broad-leafed evergreen trees @ lower levels & needle-leafed, conebearing evergreens @ upper

crops: coffee, corn, citrus fruit

most densely populated of zones

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5
Q

estuary

A

an area where the tide meets a river current

where fresh water meets saltwater

inlet by Uruguay fed by Rio de la Plata

in DE, saltwater goes up to Churchmann’s Marsh near I-95, fed by Christina River

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6
Q

cordillera

A

parallel chains or ranges of mountains

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7
Q

canopy

A

top layer of rain forest, where the tops of tall trees form a continuous layer of leaves

blocks rain which prevents ground vegetation from being very lush; blocks sunlight which traps heat; rain caught + heat = rapid evap

130ft

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8
Q

hydroelectric power

A

electrical energy produced by falling water

declining rate of terrain = factor in how forceful the water is

Amazon R = in basin, so water = extra powerful; however, hard to build dam cuz water needs to be rerouted, dam built, & water led back; dam has to survive the force of the returning water

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9
Q

altiplano

A

Spanish for “high plain”

a region in Peru & Bolivia encircled by the Andes peaks

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10
Q

tierra fria

A

Spanish term for “cold land”

the highest altitude zone of Latin American highlands climates

frosts common during winter months

crops: potatoes, wheat, apples, barley

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11
Q

escarpment

A

steep cliff or slope between a higher & lower land surface

eastern coastline of SA filled with bluffs, cliffs, etc.; over time, begin to slope towards coastline -> escarpment

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12
Q

indigenous

A

native to a certain area

Native Americans (first to settle LA); Maya, Aztec, & Inca

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13
Q

dialect

A

local form of a language used in a particular place or by a certain group

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14
Q

patois

A

dialects that blend elements of indigenous, European, African, and Asian languages

Haiti - “Creole”; French, Swahili, some Spanish & English

Am. version of Creole = Cajan

blend of language

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15
Q

megacity

A

city with more than 10 million ppl

Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires (“megalopolis”)

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16
Q

primate city

A

a city that dominates a country’s economy, culture, and gov’t & in which population is concentrated

usually the capital

if it has an international airport, prob primate

Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires

many began near waterways during colonial era

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17
Q

glyph

pictogram

A

picture writing carved in stone

transfer message

tell story

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18
Q

chinampas

A

floating farming islands made by the Aztec

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19
Q

quipu

A

knotted cords of various lengths & colors used by the Inca to keep financial records

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20
Q

conquistador

A

Spanish term for “conqueror”, referring to soldiers who conquered Native Americans in Latin America

1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue & others soon followed

brought disease & AA’s as slaves

used guns, germs, & steel to conquer natives; germs most deadly - smallpox wiped out millions

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21
Q

viceroy

A

representative of the Spanish monarch appointed to enforce laws in colonial Latin America (viceroyalties)

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22
Q

caudillo

A

a Latin American poltiical leader from the late 1800s on

often a military dictator backed by military forces & wealthy landowners

after Spanish & Portuguese lost control; after freedom

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23
Q

syncretism

A

a blending of beliefs & practices from different religions into 1 faith

the further from big cities, the biger the blend b/w monotheistic & native beliefs

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24
Q

mural

A

outdoor wall painting

graffiti = urban mural

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25
Q

mosaic

A

pic or design made w/ small pieces of colored stone, glass, shell, or tile

expresses family traditions

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26
Q

malnutrition

A

faulty or inadequate nutrition

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27
Q

futbol

A

Spanish term for soccer

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28
Q

jai alai

A

traditional handball-type game popular w/ Mexicans & Cubans

in ancient times, yearly tournament to strive to become kings’ champion; winner/loser = executed

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29
Q

campesinos

A

farm workers

generally, ppl who live & work in rural areas

usually subsistence farming(Mexico)

some go to work on mini/latifundias

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30
Q

cash crops

A

farm crops grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family

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31
Q

latifundia

A

large agricultural estates owned by families or corporations

job hard to get - regular pay, hard to lose, rules for protection

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32
Q

minifundia

A

small farms that produce food chiefly for family use but can be commercial

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33
Q

maquiladoras

A

in Mexico, manufacturing plants set up by foreign firms

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34
Q

mestizos

A

Spanish/Native

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35
Q

mulattos

A

Euro/African

live mainly in Caribbean cuz killed off by Euro diseases in other places & slave trade

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36
Q

caboclos

A

Portugese/Native

speak Portuguese

Amazon

poor but satisfied

houses on stilts

subsistence farming & fishing

harmony w/ nature

families often forced to move cuz of flooding

electricity & schooling uncommon , illness common

modern often go to city

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37
Q

extended family

A

household made up of several generations of family members

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38
Q

NAFTA

A

North American Free Trade Agreement

trade agreement made in 1994 by Canada, the US, & Mexico

reduces/eliminates trade restrictions(tariffs)

like EU

diffuses areas & boosts economies

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39
Q

deforestation

A

the loss or destruction of forests, mainly for logging or farming

rate: 20 football fields a minute(during working hours)

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40
Q

slash-and-burn farming

A

traditional farming method in which all trees & plants in an area r cut & burned to add nutrients to the soil

doesn’t last long

quicker & cheaper deforestation technique

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41
Q

shantytowns

A

makeshift communities on the edges of cities

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42
Q

quetzal

A

national bird of Guatemala

also name of Guatemalen currency

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43
Q

Maya

A

peaked around late 1st millennium & then mysteriously vanished

theory: Aztecs drove them out

southern Mexico/Yucatan/isthmus

Tikal, in Guatemala

used glyphs, good at math

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44
Q

Incas

A

rose to power after Mayans

lived along west coast of SA in Andes mtn ranges

adapted to warm climate

1 emperor ruled all - southern ppl rebelled & broke off; incas fought, traded diseases (weird immune systems) -> were weak by the time conquistadors came

Cuzco, Peru

central gov’t headed by emperor

used quipu, storytelling, irrigation, roads, massive temples & fortresses

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45
Q

Aztecs

A

rose to power last

central Mexico

Tenochtitlan, Mexico City

chinampas for beans & maize

highly structured class system headed by emperor & military officials, high-ranking priests; majority @ bottom

corn from maize, tomato, cacao beans

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46
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

1541 w/ 300 conquistadors

1520-1540 Aztecs driven out & spread disease; already weak Incas cut down even more

used guns, steel etc. to trick emperor of Incas to “talk peacefully”; took him hostage requesting palace full of gold; executed him to set the tone –> Euro kings alarmed by execution of king & arrested Pizarro; 300 conquistadors remained however

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47
Q

strip mining

A

for iron ore

looks red cuz Pacific Coast = windward; moves soil, but iron ore moves less easily & cakes

cut into hillside to protect against runoff, increases amount of iron ore to strip

after stripped, good for farming (water absorption)

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48
Q

vaqueros

A

cowboy

Portuguese speaking

Paraguayan & Brazilian Pampas Plains

Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay

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49
Q

llaneros

A

Spanish

cowhands employed by ranchers on large estates to drive heads of cattle across Llanos Plains

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50
Q

reef

barrier

A

saltwater extent of an estuary

salt creeps up farther 2x a day in tides

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51
Q

vertical zonation

A

like longitudinal zonation (farther from Equator, the colder)

the farther up, the colder

tierra fria, templa, & caliente

tropical highlands

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52
Q

tierra caliente

A

Spanish term for “hot land”

the lowest altitude zone of Latin American highlands climates

crops: cacao, bananas, sugarcane, rice

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53
Q

Latin America

A

Meso America - Mexico & Central Am

Caribbean/West Indies - Greater & Lesser Antilles

South America

abt 8 million square miles ~ 16% land surface of Earth

sits along Pacific Ring of Fire - mtns, volcanoes, earthquakes

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54
Q

Sierra Madre

A

Mexico

Oriental(Eastern) & Occidental(Western)

meet near Mexico City to form Sierra Madre del Sur(of the South)

surrounds Mexican Plateau

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55
Q

other highlands

A

Central Highlands - Central America; many Caribbean islands also part of this

Guiana Highlands

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56
Q

Andes

A

western edge of South America

world’s longest & one of the highest

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57
Q

Patagonia

A

southern Argentina

plateau

hills & lower flatlands

58
Q

plateaus

A

Mato Grosso Plateau - plateau of forests & grasslands; over much of Brazil & across to Bolivia & Peru

Mexican Plateau - surrounded by Sierra Madres

59
Q

Brazilian Highlands

A

east of Mato Grosso Plateau

spans several climate & vegetation zones

on eastern edge, plunges to Atlantic Ocean as escarpment

60
Q

llanos

A

fertile plains in inland areas of Colombia & Venezuela

vast grassland

provides grazing lands for beef cattle

61
Q

pampas

A

grassy, treeless plains of Argentina & Uruguay

provides grazing lands for beef cattle

fertile soil; one of world’s major “breadbaskets” - abundance of wheat & corn

many ppl here grow crops on small&medium sized farms

used to have scattered trees but Spanish settlers brought cattle & horses & cut down trees for ranches & overgrazing;

62
Q

Rio Grande

Rio Bravo del Norte

A

“Wild River of the North”

part of long border b/w Mexico & US

63
Q

Amazon Basin

A

formed by hundreds of smaller rivers which join the Amazon R.

drains parts of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, & Venezuela

covers 1/3 of SA

wettest tropical plain

touches 6 countries

area compares to contiguous 48 US States

64
Q

Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay river system

A

2nd-largest river system in LA

drains eastern half of SA

provide inland water routes & hydroelectric power for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, & Uruguay

after going thru inland areas, flow into Rio de la Plata

65
Q

Rio de la Plata

A

“River of Silver”

estuary that meets the Atlantic Ocean

66
Q

Lake Titicaca

A

world’s highest navigable lake

in Andes of Bolivia & Peru

area surrounding = one of the centers of early Native Am civilization (many architectural remains)

67
Q

Lake Maracaibo

A

Venezuela

regarded as SA’s largest lake, even though actually inlet of Caribbean Sea

surrounding area contains most important oil fields in Venezuela

68
Q

Lake Nicaragua

A

largest lake in Central Am

b/w Nicaragua & Costa Rica

69
Q

natural resources

A

Gulf of Mexico & southern Caribbean Sea - major oil & natural gas deposits (make Mexico & Venezuela leading oil producers)

Venzuela - foothills along Orinoco R. contain large amounts of gold

Brazil - gold

Peru & Mexico - silver

Colombia - emeralds

Chile - copper

Jamaica - bauxite

Bolivia & Brazil - tin

70
Q

obstacles of natural resources

A

geographic inaccessibility

lack of capital for development

deep social & political divisions

71
Q

tropical rain forest climate

A

hot temp’s & abundant rainfall yearround

southern Mexico, eastern Central Am, some Caribbean islands, parts of SA

in Amazon Basin, results from area’s location on Equator & patterns of prevailing winds

72
Q

hieroglyph

A

glyphs/pictograms in a row

73
Q

fresco

A

indoor wall painting

74
Q

effects of migration

A

language - dialect, patois

religion - wanting to keep their old religions but also believing in another, LA’s often take part in syncretism

75
Q

population distribution in 50 years

A

urban to rural (to deforested areas)

currently @ coasts, might move inland

76
Q

pros & cons of plantation system

A

pros: profits, standard of living, & jobs up; wealth for community
cons: disease,created need for triangular leg/slave passage, social classism, only cash crops, slavery, overfarming,

77
Q

formation of Andes

A

160 million years ago SA & Africa(Gondwanaland, part of Pangea) separated & SA moved west, 30 miil years ago colliding with Nazca Plate. collision pushed up western edge of SA, which folded t form Andes. subduction.

before, Amazon River had been flowing out to Pacific, but when Andes formed, river was blocked by both Andes & Guyana and Brazilian highlands to east -> gigantic Amazon saltwater lake/inland sea. lakewater eventually transformed to freshwater. global drop in sea levels & temp’s abt 10 million years ago caused wetlands of basin to dry up & become rich & rainforests grew. river eventually made its way thru eastern hilands & began to flow into Atlantic Ocean

when saltwater -> freshwater, marine animals living there also adapted into freshwater animals

further rising of Andes in last 2 million years shifted rivers & created more diversity of life.

78
Q

what landorms foster largest ranching industries? why?

A

llanos & pampas

both have wide grazing lands for beef cattle to feed on & vast rolling terrain makes it easier for llaneros & gauchos to drive the great herds around

79
Q

obstacle to hydroelectric power

A

Amazon forest - hard to get materials there(machines, etc.). have to cut forest just to transport. steep decline of land -> problems rerouting river

Amazon R -on average more forceful cuz of basin

80
Q

pros & cons of deforestation industry

A

pros: wide variety of resources for humans. carving out roads in forests opens up Brazil’s interior to settlement & development, provides jobs, life expectancy goes up, hydroelectric power = more accesible, agriculture increased
cons: destruction of the indigenous human/animals’ ways of life. destruction of trees & other vegetation, loss of possible medicinal cures, global warming

81
Q

population

A

coastal, Central Mexico, Antilles

not only r islands very limited in space, but they r also limited in habitable space (usually tops of underwater mtns, so mountainous)

largest: Brazil 171.8 mill ► 201 mill

largest city pop in LA: Mexico City

largest city pop in SA: Sao Paulo

smallest: St. Kitts & Nevis 40k ► 51,134

why increase? cuz of better standard of living w/ deforestation, jobs, etc.

82
Q

economic activity

A

2 types of activity based on land use:

subsistence & commercial

83
Q

subsistence farming

A

covers largest land area, but not most populous

84
Q

commerical farming

A

seeking profit

business

85
Q

area

A

largest: Brazil 3,300,154sqmi / 8,547,399sqkm → 8,514,000sqkm
smallest: Grenada 339sqkm → 344sqkm

why change?

conquest, trade of land (Vincent & Grenadines sold 2 islands), sea levels

86
Q

other rivers

A

Sao Francesco River - flows thru Brazilian Highlands

Orinoco River

87
Q

climates

A

predominant = tropical rain forest & tropical savanna

more affected by elevation than distance from Equator

also affected by landforms & wind patterns

88
Q

why live in harsh environ?

A

tradition, ancestral

resource industries: mining, oil drilling, etc.

89
Q

How does Guyana have Asians?

A

underpopulated cuz of civil war, famine, etc. → shortage of workers

searched for overpopulated places to inhabit their country

why asians leave: Bangaldesh, etc. = overpopulated, political problems, war, famine

90
Q

language

A

most area: Native American; most widespread but not most populous

most populous: Spanish & Portuguese; abt 80%Sp, 10%Port,10%rest

French, English

dialects & patois

91
Q

labor migration

A

largest inflow: Brazil, then Argentina & Venezuela (altho V not letting ppl in anymore)

92
Q

external migration

A

country to country

have to have permanent living intentions

93
Q

internal migration

A

within country

rural ⇔ urban but usually r to u

rural areas - fertile land in short supply or small portion of population controls access to the land

rapid urbanization

94
Q

Machu Pichu

A

in Inca region

not created by Incas

have Nazca Lines -> pre-Inca, mystery

gigantic carved ditches only able to be seen from air

95
Q

viceroyalties

A

New Spain - now Mexico, Central Am, & western US

New Granada - now Venezuela, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador

Peru - now Peru, Chile

Brazil - now Portugal, Bolivia, Uruguay

Santa Domingo

La Plata - named for a physical feature

Guiana - ruled by France & Netherlands

96
Q

Francois Toussaint-Louverture

A

led enslaved Haitians against French

Haiti almost 100% AA (slave colony)

started & inspired movement of liberty & revolution

97
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

“the Liberator”

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

98
Q

Jose de San Martin

A

led LA forces across Andes to win indendence for Chile & Peru (from Argentina)

99
Q

Father Miguel Hidalgo

A

called on Mexicans to fight for “Independence & Liberty” from Spain

didn’t actually fight but got the ball rolling

100
Q

important modern LA issues

A

Venezuela has shifted toward dictatorial communist rule since election of Prez Hugo Chavez

Cuba became communist dictatorship in 1960 under Prez Fidel Castro

deforestation effects (Brazil); GDP & standard of living rise tho

war on drugs funded by mainly US but carried out by countries like Panama, Mexico, etc.

unemployment

Roman Catholic Church

101
Q

religion

A

Roman Catholicism - 89%(prob rose cuz gave birth more due to better standards of living or staying alive longer)

Protestantism - various forms came w/ British & Dutch settlers in 1800s. in time built hospitals, schools, colleges. grew in late 1900s rapidly cuz emphasized personal experience

traditional Native Am & African relgiions, often mixed w/ Christianity & other faiths

Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism (Asian) practiced in West Indies & coastal areas of SA

Judaism

102
Q

sports

A

jai alai, soccer, basketball(Brazil), baseball(Dom. Rep.), vball

103
Q

Panama Canal

A

inland waterway connecting Atlantic & Pacific

1903 panama signs treaty to create Panama Canal Zone

1904 construction begins. instead of cut, built system of locks

obstacles: volcanic soil, heat & rain(humidity), dense vegetation, disease-spreading insects(malaria), terrain

1914 completed. 1st ship passed thru

1999 transferred control to Panama

104
Q

US Steps to Superpower Status

A

Industrial Rev. boosted way up

victory over Spain (Cuba freed); made Roosevelt famous

Panama Canal (Roosevelt motto); told Europe to stay away

16th Amendment - Income Tax. Industrial Rev. gave ppl more $ gov’t could use

WWI victory

Great Depression

WWII victory

Federal Reserve (cuz of depression) - bank for our nation’s banks; loosely affiliated

nukes

105
Q

Amazon animals

A

loss of 1 species injures whole ecosystem

almost 1/2 of species found nowhere else

900+ bird species

2,000+ fish

106
Q

Amazon River

A

source = Andes Mtns, Peru

every year, rains cause flooding; 1-6 miles to 30 miles+

2nd longest in world

longest in Western Hemisphere

Andes -> Atlantic Ocean

107
Q

flooded forests

A

during wet season, waters can be 5-50 ft deep

waterways become natural highways

breadth = 60 miles

width up to 30 miles on each side

may rain during wet season up to 5 straight months

average rainfall = 100in

108
Q

rapid evaporation

A

normal process when rain falls on ground is accelerated

4-5 times a day, rain showers; windows used by caboclos for repairs, etc.

humid, wet envrion

canopy catches rain, high alt = rapid evap

109
Q

Spaniards

A

brought pigs (breed fast, swim well)

110
Q

water monkey

A

fish

spawns during high water, males keep eggs in mouth until babies ready; babies then feed on algae, crustaceans of insects, etc & egg sac; father doesn’t feed 3-4 weeks(lives off fat in body); when danger, babies go back to dad’s mouth

feeds primarily on insects which usually fall in water - hunts by skimming surface; special eye structure allows to see above & below water

however, if bug doesn’t fall, the fish jumps out and catches it

111
Q

hoatzin (“watson”)

A

chicks born at onset of flood, feed on partialy digested leaves regurgitated from parents

when abt 2 weeks old, explore under attentive eye of 2 or 3 adults

chicks = 2 claws on wings for better grasp on branches if necessary; can also dive in water & swim away (so nest built over water)

ungainly in air

found only in flooded forests & mangrove swamps

primarily leaf eaters

112
Q

flooded forest resource use

A

hydroelectric dams

gold mines - mercury used to process the gold has spread into fish, therefore humans

113
Q

rain forest

A

selva(Brazil)

trees - tropical hardwoods, palms, tree ferns, bamboos

114
Q

tropical savanna climate

A

coast of southwestern Mexico, most Caribbean islands, north-central SA

hot temps & abundant rainfall

extended dry season

vast grasslands; some, like llanos, considered transition zones b/w grasslands & forests

115
Q

humid subtropical region

A

much of southeaster SA

winters short & mild, summers long, hot, & humid but sometimes short dry periods

116
Q

desert and steppe areas

A

parts of northern Mexcio, coastal Peru & Chile, & southeastern coast of Argentina

desert - vegetaton sparse except for cacti & some shrubs

steppe - northern Mexcio, northeastern Brazil, south central SA; light rainfall, hot summers, cool winters, grassy/lightly forested vegetation

117
Q

Atacama Desert

A

produced by rain shadow effect from Andes

so arid that in some places no rainfall ever recorded

driest desert in LA

118
Q

people

A

African, Native American, S Asain/SE Asain, Euopean, mixed

119
Q

immigrant nations

A

Argentina & Uruguay

so many Europeans settled there in modern times

120
Q

Europeans

A

late 1400s

121
Q

Africans

A

1500s

arrived as slaves

late 1800s slavery ended

122
Q

Asians

A

1800s

temporary workers but many remained

Caribbean islands, Guyana(abt 1/2)

123
Q

outflow migration

A

desire for improved living conditions, political freedom, escape from political unrest can cause to move north to US

primarily from Mexcio, Central America, & Caribbean

124
Q

traditional arts

A

weaving, woodcarving, pottery, metalwork

Native Am’s built temples decorated w/ murals & mosaics

during colonial times largely inspired by European works & had Christian themes

Africans - rhythms, songs, & dances -> today’s calypso, reggae, samba

125
Q

modern arts

A

1900s mixed Euro, Nat, & Afr

many focused on social & political subj’s

126
Q

machismo

A

Spanish & Portuguese tradition of male supremacy

127
Q

Carnival

A

week before Roman Catholic Lent (40-day fasting & prayer before Easter)

128
Q

history & gov’t

A

1800s most countries independent

20th century, most developed democratic rule

129
Q

vegetation

A

predominant: tropical forest & tropical grassland

130
Q

major sea

A

Caribbean

131
Q

major strait

A

Strait of Magellan

132
Q

major peninsula

A

Yucatan Peninsula

133
Q

diff b/w tropical rain forest & savanna

A

savanna has dry season

134
Q

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

A

1513 explored isthmus of Panama, wanted to build waterway but didn’t

135
Q

Ferdinand de Lesseps

A

late 1800s French Suez Canal.

tried to cut through mountainous terrain of Panama isthmus but failed miserably

136
Q

Philippe Jean Bunau-Varilla

A

1901 got help from Roosevelt who was willing to help if Colombia relinquished control.

Colombia refused, so Bunau-Varilla supported Panamanian revolutionaries & persuaded US to intervene. sent gunboats.

Bunau-Varilla = Panama’s minister to US, gave US control of land.

137
Q

mountains

A

tallest in South & North Am: Mt. Aconagua(22,834ft) & Mt. McKinley(20,320ft)

138
Q

“Christ the Redeemer” statue

A

in Rio de Janeiro

139
Q

landlocked SA countries

A

Paraguay & Bolivia

140
Q

Hispaniola

A

Haiti

Dominican Republic

141
Q

Bolivia’s 2 capitals

A

La Paz & Sucre

ISS (14 decks)

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