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ISS > Europe > Flashcards

Europe Flashcards

1
Q

Venice

A

waterways = streets and gondolas = cars

example of how geography affects progress

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2
Q

gondolas

A

driven by gondoliers

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3
Q

Rhine River

A

flows from Alps to North Sea (northerly); source in Swiss Alps & mouth in Netherlands

partly border b/w Germany & France

subject of many wars (War of Austrian Succession, 7 Years War, WWI, WWII

busiest in Europe; lots of shipping businesses use daily

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4
Q

Danube River

A

flows from Alps to Black Sea

flows thru or along more countries than any other river in world

longest river in Europe

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5
Q

Alps

A

highest peak = Mont Blanc (France, near border w/ Switzerland & Italy)

source of Rhine & Danube rivers

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6
Q

Thames River

A

London, England

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7
Q

Seine River

A

by & thru Paris

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8
Q

Tiber River

A

Rome

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9
Q

Po River

A

flows toward Venice, northern Euro, NE Italy

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10
Q

destruction of Berlin Wall

A

1906-ish, Soviet Union finally assumed control/influence over much of eastern Europe

already had control of Baltic States, Estonia, Lithuania, etc.

controlled ppl from afar; satellite countries set up (republics)

Soviet Union

1989 taken down by citizens

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11
Q

Scandinavian Peninsula

A

Northern Euro

separates Baltic/Bothnian & North/Atlantic/Norwegian

Norway, Sweden, Finland

part of vikings (along w/ Denmark)

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13
Q

Jutland Peninsula

A

separates North & Baltic

Denmark

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14
Q

Iberian Peninsula

A

sep’s Atlantic/Bay of Biscay and Mediterranean; Spain & Portugal?

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15
Q

Apennine peninsula

A

sep’s Tyrrhenian and Adriatic

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16
Q

Balkan peninsula

A

“Mountain” peninsula

sep’s Adriatic & Aegean/Ionian

lies in southeast Euro, b/w Black & Adriatic Seas

towering mtn ranges - Carpathian & Dinaric - dominate the area

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17
Q

Europe

A

largest peninsula

coastline so chopped up cuz of glaciers & recession

lowest point = Netherlands

highest = Alps/Mt. Blanc/France

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18
Q

Baltic Sea

A

Denmark, Sweden, Norway, etc. lots

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19
Q

North Sea

A

sep’s UK, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands

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20
Q

Adriatic Sea

A

sep’s Italy, Slovakia, Croatia, Bos-Herz; Apennine from Balkan

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21
Q

Aegean Sea

A

sep’s Greece & Turkey

more islands than any other sea on earth

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22
Q

Irish/Celtic Sea

A

sep’s British Isles

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23
Q

Mediterranean Sea

A

largest sea in Europe

sep’s Euro & Africa

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24
Q

Tyrrhenian Sea

A

1 of oldest industries booming = olives

b/w Italy, north Africa

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25
Q

Black Sea

A

shows up in all units

covered a lot in current events

warmwater port

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26
Q

Alpine countries

A

France - has Mt. Blanc

Italy

Austria

Switzerland

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27
Q

Mt. Blanc

A

Alp’s highest peak

“White Mtn.”

15,700+ ft = 5,000 ft shorter than McKinley

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28
Q

Strait of Gibraltar

A

sep’s Spain & Morocco; Europe & Africa

gateway to Mediterranean/Atlantic

controlled by British

from Spanish coast, looking south, can see Africa -> “pillars of Hercules”

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29
Q

highlands

A

Scandinavian & Scottish used to be connected (Pangeatic formation previous to last one)

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30
Q

Scottish Highlands

A

advantageous cuz: higher ground, can see enemy from far away, familiar w/ hiding places

ppl living there called highlanders

used to be 1 mtn ragne w/ Scandinavian highlands

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31
Q

North European Plain

Great Russian Plain

“Migration Highway”

A

Euro -> Asia

Rhine -> Russia

North of Carpathian & Alpine Mtns

used to be very wooded

unique cuz natural path for invasion (hostile or not) WW2

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32
Q

population

A

Euro = just over 1/2 the area of U.S. but nearly 2x the pop.

ppl very concentrated

the less income u have, the closer the quarters u live in

more near rivers (Rhine, Danube, Po); less in high alt/lat

biggest: Germany 81 mill
smallest: Monaco 30,500 (pop. density > pop.); not Vatican cuz no pop growth rate & no imports/exports (0.2 sq mi)

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33
Q

Carpathian Mtns

A

North Balkan region

area the Slovakians live in; moved into Serbia which is overpopulated now; others moved NE to Russia

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34
Q

Pyrenees Mtns

A

border b/w Spain & France

Andorra nestled in the mtns

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35
Q

British Isles

A

Republic of Ireland - Eire

United Kingdom - Great Britain; politically Scotland, England, & Wales but not N. Ireland

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36
Q

Ireland

A

Republic of Ireland

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37
Q

Great Britain

A

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)

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38
Q

English Channel

A

protected British from Spanish

seperates Great Britain from mainland; chunnel however, connects them

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39
Q

chunnel

A

connects Great Britain w/ mainland

cities connected: London & Paris (meet on mainland @ 1st junction)

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40
Q

economic activity

A

mostly commercial farming ⇒ Europe is developed/1st world country

petroleum dominates North Sea (100’s of them); cons: chance of oil spills, lots of boats on water, country dependant on oil

North Sea, esp. border areas = better fishing ground than other places cuz continental shelf (where it drops off to deep sea) is called fishery ⇒ lots of fish

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41
Q

area

A

biggest: France 257, 520 sq.mi; 643,801 sq.km
smallest: Monaco 2 sq. km.

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42
Q

Romanesque architecture

A

older than Gothic

Greek & Roman = often in need of defensive structures ⇒ stout (harder to knock over), thick walls

later however, throughout Golden Age, became just the style - we have Romanesque in our capital (altho combined w/ Gothic)

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43
Q

Gothic architecture

A

for pleasure → height & light (stained glass)

Notre Dame Cathedral, Big Ben, Parliament

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44
Q

British architecture

A

blend of styles can be found in certain British eras

some towns built in early pioneer years = Victorian & Queen Anne houses

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45
Q

polders

A

low-lying area from which seawater has been drained to create new farmland; reclaimed lands from dikes

used to be drained & kept dry by windmills but now other power sources run pumps to remove the seawater

provide 100’s of 1000’s of acres for farming & settlement

rising temp’s melt ice caps → rising sea levels → stronger storms, force, etc. against walls

1st windmills → arranged windmills in groups (now could steal vast [tracks] of new land from the sea → huge electric diesel pumps (nearly 5 trillion gallons pumped/year)

the faster the land was drained, however, the faster it sank; in past century, has sunk by nearly 2 ft & some of the water is nearly 20ft higher than land; protected by dikes & coastal dunes

over the centuries, floods have killed 100’s of 1000’s; 1287, killed 100’s → changed Holland, carved inlet, capital city now built near, flooded the capital

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46
Q

Netherlands

A

sovereign territory of which 60%ish is made up of polders (from North Sea)

NW of Germany, N of Belgium & France

abundant fisheries

started since 2,000 years ago

Amsterdam & Rotterdam (mouth of Rhine R., busiest port)

southern coast - longest dam

below sea level

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47
Q

Cornelius Levy

A

sliced northern inlet in 2 w/ a 19mi long dike

on 1 side would be sea & the other would be freshwater lake

April 1927 began construction

built 2 clay walls, built web around it to protect, then filled in clay wall trough

1932, finished construction

12 ft above high tideline

behind the dam, went on to build more dikes, sent in pumps; over next 40 years, nearly 1/2 million acres of seakbank; seakbed = artifacts from past ancient shipwrecks & pottery 5,000 years old ; however still had to wait for land to dry out for planting, farming

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48
Q

1953 polder flood

A

during WWII, Rhine targeted → several inlets in disrepair;

1953, winds from south flooded the dikes;

no place to run - had burst in 3 places - many fled to attics but still drowned;

demolished 70 dikes, nearly 2,000 died;

had to fix, but several inlets = harder;

built barrier after barrier, creating new inland lakes until only the hardest inlet was left; just as construction began, Dutch public began to question this cuz threatened fragile ecosystem in this inlet & fishing industry; Dutch therefore built open structure that would only close during storm conditions - had to work fast

world’s longest dam w/ nearly 60 doors; built dam in sections on land & then put into sea so wouldn’t break before done

narrow channel = water gets faster, whirling; turned to first dike for inspiration → factories for mats

worked in brief period each day when tide could be overcome (2 30 min. periods/day)

storm surge barrier w/ doors finally completed w/ highway on top, supposed to last 200 years

during storm, comp’s monitor seas, alert emergency crew

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49
Q

why did Dutch stay in Netherlands?

A

extremely fertile (nourished by Rhine - 900 mi);

regularly floods, leaving behind nutrients;

1st settlers stayed on small mounds;

to protect land, built primeval dikes to keep land dry;

as the new land dried, it settled, making it hard to drain → reclaimed by sea;

windmill changed that - world’s 1st wind powered pumps, turned massive water wheel below;

also, affordable, & anyways mostly agricultural

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50
Q

Rotterdam polder

A

narrow channel leading up Rhine to Rotterdam, busiest port

if storm, would flood Rotterdam

needed barrier that would allow ships to go through too

locks too slow, dam doors too short

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51
Q

Pompeii

A

at mouth of Samus River, founded by Oscans

sits by 1 of several volcanoes in region; so many volcanoes cuz convergence of 3 tectonic plates

olives = king of Med. trading → Pompeii = prosperous city; however, also temptations (alcohol, prositution, gambling)

villa = pretty much small village; Med. vegetation (palm trees); front parlor room = mosaics on floor & frescos on walls; statues of gods/patriarch/matriarch of family

@ this time 79AD Christinaity = illegal cult, blamed for a lot of stuff; persecuted @ gladiator games gruesomely

week-long festivals in honor of gods; one was to celebrate human pleasure (food, sex, health) for wealthy, celebrated gluttony, etc. basically 7 sins

Italy’s Apennines

1st as important center of commerce, witha ccess to sea-traffic that could supply all of the Med. countries; agricultural produce like corn, oil, fruits, vegetables, wine, cattle; industrial (cheese, milk, fish sauce, woolens)

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52
Q

volcanoes

A

volcanoes = direct link b/w surface & magma

destructive but necessary to release heat & gas from Earth

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53
Q

Vesuvius

A

79 AD

blew western side of volcano off & blew lava to Herculaneum; prevailing winds however blew ash to Pompeii who had little time to escape; both got pumice

when found, discovered cavities that the bodies decomposed in; filled in w/ [plaster] to make detailed molds

2,000 buried

earthquakes 16 years prior

pompeii discovered again in 1748

last time it blew was 1944

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54
Q

Chernobyl

A

cuz of lack of necessary distribution of funds to maintain the upkeep of the plant; poor maintenance & updating cuz of lack of diffusion (Cold War) - didn’t share technology, etc.

shut water of steam engine off, but not the heat ⇒ BOOM

Apr. 27, 1986 - Ukraine (Soviet Union); spread as far east as Siberia(Russia) & as far west as Canada

worst nuclear accident in world history

core melt-down followed an explosion & spread radioactive dust particles over much of Europe & the northern hemisphere

when it happened, wasn’t reported for 4-5 crucial days cuz ashamed; medical treatment earlier on could have made a big diff

28 ppl died in rescue crews w/in weeks cuz of deficient suits; 2 workers died in blast; 1000’s of eastern Europeans got thyroid cancer; significant rate of congenital birth defects in past decade

radiation weakest in center (see pic)

Ex: ppl near Salem, New Jersey’s nuclear plants got free iodine pills from gov’t (doesn’t prevent but reduces damage)

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55
Q

formation of Yugoslavia

A

Slavic ppl moved south into Balkan peninsula from modern southern Poland & Russia

established independent states - Croatia (Croats), Serbia (Serbs), Slovenia (Slovenes); ruled by foreign nations for centuries; 1400s, Ottomans (based in Turkey) controlled much of the region 500 years & gave the peninsula its name

Ottoman Turks defeated in Balkan Wars 1912-1913

after, movement to unite Slavs into 1 country; 1918 Slavs formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 1929 renamed Yugoslavia “Land of the South Slavs”

WWII, Nazi Germany’s occupation of Yugo divided the country; thruout war, undergroup group headed by Croatian Josip Broz/Tito worked against Germany; @ end of war 1945, Yugo emerged as Communist country under Tito w/ 6 republics - Croatia, Bosnia & Herz, Slovenia, Montengegro, Sebia, & Macedonia

56
Q

Yugoslavia breaks up

A

Tito ruled w/ iron hand & held ethnically mixed republic together - 1 challenge = keep Serbia, largest republic, from dominating central gov’t →gave greater autonomy to 2 provinces w/ Serbia - Kosovo & Vojvodina

economy crumbled in 1970s

when Tito died 1980, country began to fracture

1991-1992 Serbia’s prez Slobodan Milosevic tried to assert Serb leadership over republics → Slovenia, Macedonia, & Croatia declared independence

fighting erupted in Croatia b/w Serbs & non-Serbs

when Bos & Herz tried to secede, civil war broke out

2002, remaining republic - Serbia & Montenegro loosened ties

nations in the end: Serbia, Bosn&Herz, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Slovenia

57
Q

dikes

A

large banks of earth & stone that hold back water

built by Dutch since Middle Ages

because of these, reclaimed new land from the sea, altho sometimes breached, causing floods

58
Q

glaciation

A

the process whereby glaciers form & spread over land

during last Ice Age, glaciers spread over the Scandinavian Peninsula & carved fjords

59
Q

fjord

A

long, steep-sided, narrow inlets/glacial valleys now filled by seawater

carved out by glaciers from glaciation

on Atlantic coastlines, like Norway

many provide fine harbors

60
Q

loess

A

fine, yellow-ish brown topsoil made up of particles of silt and clay, usually carried by the wind

covers southern edge of north European Plain

61
Q

foehn

A

dry wind that blows from the leeward sides of mountains, sometimes melting snow & causing avalanches;

term used mainly in Euro

62
Q

avalanche

A

mass of ice, snow, or rock that slides down a mtnside

threatens skiers & hikers

often carry away everything in their paths

serious natural hazard in Alps

63
Q

mistral

A

strong northerly wind from the Alps that can bring cold air to southern France, changing weather patterns

64
Q

sirocco

A

hot desert wind that can blow air & dust from North Africa to western Euro’s Med. coast, bringing high temps to the region

65
Q

peat

A

moss

used for fuel/heat & fertilizer

Scotland, Ireland, England, Finland

66
Q

predominant climate regions & vegetation in them

A

marine west coast - mixed forest (deciduous & mixed deciduous-coniferous forest);

humid continental - “” & temperate grassland

mediterranean - chaparral

67
Q

how human-environ interaction has changed Euro’s vegetation the most

A

deforestation for population density

68
Q

cold climates & the vegetation in them

A

high latitude - north, Scandinavia

high altitude - Alps, mountains

coniferous/tundra vegetation

69
Q

ethnic group

A

groups of ppl w/ a shared ancestry language, customs, & often, religion

most likely share a gene pool

70
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

the expelling from a country or killing of rival ethnic groups; local form of genocide/forced eviction

Ex: Serbia was losing control - remembered the stories of how the Ruks oppressed them & exacted their hate towards Muslims, Turks, Holocaust, Venezuela (southern pop = migrant workers from French Guinea/Guinea; forced them out, otherwise killed), 90’s republic of Yugoslavia fell apart

71
Q

refugee

A

ppl who flee to a foreign country for safety; fleeing homeland for safety from war, famine, etc.

criminals flee justice/conviction (Snowden to Canada)

result of Serb ethnic cleansing

72
Q

urbanization

A

the movement of ppl from rural areas into cities

began in western Euro late 1700s & after WWIII, spread to eastern Euro

concentration of population in towns & cities due to growth of industries & cities

part of movement ot industrialization

73
Q

Early Middle Ages

Dark Ages

A

500-800 AD

lacked security, literacy, high culture

literacy rates, architecture, life regressed

74
Q

Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

Middle Middle Ages

A

800-1200 AD

Rise of Towns & Monarchies

invasions

feudalism fading

loyalty switch (from loyal to nobles to loyal to king)

Agri-Boom

increase of middle class

75
Q

feudalism

A

social organization system based on:

relationship b/w higher & lower nobles (lords, vassals)

land for allegiance, military service, tax

a system in which monarchs/lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty

social system based on allegiance & land b/w lords & vassals

very defensive system - ppl didn’t move around much

76
Q

Agri-Boom before

A

often occur simultaneously w/ pop. booms

before: each crop takes nutrients from soil, so next year can’t plant on that side - have to leave fallow; planted instead w/ clover, turnips, radishes which rooted deep & gave back nutrients; no/barely any irrigation

^^ crop rotation = already an improvement

77
Q

Agri-Boom after

A

after: more food available per person

78
Q

High Ages

Medieval

A

1200-1500 AD

crusades, civil wars, major wars

limited monarchs w/ legislation (Magna Carta, etc.)

bubonic plague 1347-52 killed 1/3 Europe/25 million in 5 years; ppl spread everywhere; called bubonic cuz before the ppl died, turned black w/ necrosis & lymph node system swelled up in phalanges, underarms, etc. swollen bubos

79
Q

Crusades

A

beginning in 1000’s, western European armies fought a series of brutal religious wars to win Palestine, birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule

Europeans failed to win permanent control but did extend trade routes to eastern Med. world

@ the beginning knew nothing abt Muslims, so thought they were devil worshippers/something; crossed the world just to fight ppl they did not know cuz Church had immense power

1st Crusade = only successful one, slaughtered, the colonies they set up were attacked & taken back

80
Q

Renaissance

A

beginning in 1300s, a 300-year period of discovery & learning that brought about great advances in Euro civilization

renewed interest in classical culture

Renaissance starts in Italy (Michelangelo, Dante, etc.) & continues to exist in South, but spreads to North (Will Shakespeare, Guttenberg, painters in Flanders[now Belgium]); basically south & north

arts: paintings(mona lisa), sketches, statues (1st free standing), murals, music, literature

perspective (w/ focal pt, horizon, etc, painted to look like a real scene)

Guttenberg = printing press; Newton’s laws of gravity; 1054 east & west of Euro split idealogically (Catholic = west & used icons, statues cuz ppl couldn’t read, Christian in east & Byzantine Empire → patriarchs)

81
Q

classical culture

A

original = Greek, Roman

82
Q

Reformation

A

1500’s

a religious movement which lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church & led to the beginnings of Protestantism

aided by increased production of books & pamphlets

more churches still forming - Calvinisim, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Unitarian, Deist (Ben Franklin)

exponential Protestant Faiths growth continues today

most Catholics in Brazil

83
Q

Enlightenment

A

during late 1700’s & early 1700’s

many educated Euro’s emphasized the importance of reason & began to question long-standing traditions & values

followed by poltiical & economic revolutions that swept the entire region

asked “why” in many diff ways

Why you poor? French revolution.

Why Church such power (Protestants asked)? found Protestant movement

Why we exist?

Why some ppl can criticize gov’t while others can’t? Voltaire - In Praise of British Gov’t

84
Q

communism

A

mid-1800’s, a philosophy that called for a society based on economic quality in which the workers would control the factories & industrial production

absolutely no private ownership. everything owned by state

only 3% of pop. of Soviet Union actually communist; the rest were prolitarian workers

85
Q

socialism

A

political philosophy in which the gov’t owns the means of production

a way of organization so that gov’t owns much of industry & all of land, but allows private business ownerships

86
Q

Holocaust

A

WWII in Europe

the mass killing of >6 million Euro Jews & others by Germany’s Nazi leaders

attempted genocide

side effect of fascism (narrow mindedly believing in only ur beliefs)

not German’s fault - gov’t fault; when national pride after WWI went down, Nazis rose up to bring Germany out of stupor. by 1937 had non-agression pact w/ Russia & then invaded Poland

87
Q

reparations

A

payment for damages; repayments made to countries, ppl unfairly damaged or harmed

Versailles peace treay (1919) found Germany guilty of starting WWI ⇒ they had to pay rep’s; also in WWII

US → Japanese concentration camps

88
Q

Cold War

A

b/w WWII & fall of Berlin Wall (1945-89) abt 45 years

division of Euro from WWII brought about this, a global power struggle b/w the communist world (led by Soviet Union) & noncommunist world (led by US); West & East, dem & comm, US & USSR

divided Germany = hot point of Cold War in Euro

both tried to increase sphere of influence; Russia sphere = North Korea, China, Soviet Union, Cuba; US = south Vietnam, South Korea, Latin Am (Panama Canal)

lack of shared info → spies

89
Q

European Union (EU)

A

around since ‘52; 29 countries now; originally 6 countries

underying goal = European economical dominance; primary purpose = trade

an organization whose goal was a united Euro, in which goods, services, & workers could move freely among member countries; trade agreement to eliminate trade restraints, provide organization, currency (euro), financial help, lift border restraints, provide gov’t, help on sanctions, get rid of terrorists; sanctions = like against Russia now, although careful cuz Russia = oil

if joined EU before Great Recession, very happy country, prosperous

Britain doesn’t use Euros cuz their pounds still more valuable; 17 countries don’t use it

lacks sovereignty

Parliamentary gov’t

90
Q

Romanticism

A

artistic style emphasizing individual emotions that developed in Europe in the late 1700s & early 1800s as a reaction to industrialization

focused on emotions, stirring historical events, & the exotic

French painter Eugene Delacroix, British writer Sir Walter Scott, German composer Beethoven

91
Q

realism

A

artististic style portraying everyday life that developed in Euro during the mid-1800s

more significance in everyday things (bowl of fruit, no photoshopping)

92
Q

Impressionism

A

artistic style that developed in Euro in the late 1800s & tried to show the natural appearance of obj’s with dabs or strokes of color

a group of French painters moved outdoors from their studios to capture immediate experiences, or “impressions” of the natural world

93
Q

Good Friday Peace Agreement

A

1998

paved the way for Protestant & Roman Catholic communities to share political power

mixed feelings abt it - situation still unstable

Ulster Project? where teenage boys from Catholic/Protestant go thru program & realize they r more similar than they thought

94
Q

Deism

A

Ben Franklin

believes there is a creator & end of times, etc. but no one knows in this life. have to see to believe. go thru life & judge @ end. indpendent way of thinking

95
Q

influence of physical geography on population distribution

A

fertile soil on banks of rivers

want to live near fresh water

96
Q

how recent current events have affected Euro’s cultures

A

end of cold war unrest

Chernobyl

break up of Yugoslavia

economy boom

new pope

97
Q

reason for recent drop in birthrates in some major Euro countries

A

space affects population (limited space in cities)

more expensive to raise children

98
Q

effect of socialist, communist, & working-class movements on lives of workers in 19th century (1800’s)

A

the movements were to improve the lives of workers

99
Q

effect of WWI & WW2 on Eastern Europe

A

WWI - old monarchies collapsed (before, was the Holy Roman Empire in Germany & surrounding areas way before); Germany - Austria (Habsburgs), Ottoman Empire → Turkey

WWII - new dictatorships formed; Iron Curtain - Soviet Satellite Nations

100
Q

Iron Curtain

A

Soviet Satellite Nations

satellite countries tht didn’t openly conform - Poland & Yugoslavia

101
Q

areas of Europe not conquered by Roman Empire

A

ppl above Rhine & Danube started living in trees

Migration Highway

200AD

102
Q

why Europe’s culture so predominant in world

A

exploration, colonies, trade posts

spread language, religion, gov’t, disease

103
Q

Europe’s welfare states compared to US healthcare

A

we provide healthcare mainly for those who need it most

104
Q

Roman Republic

A

509 BCE-27BCE

shunned kings

many civil wars

105
Q

(Western) Roman Empire

A

27 BCE-476 CE

major rivers: Rhine, Danube, Po, & Tiber

106
Q

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

A

lasted until 1453CE

at its peak, controlled all Med. region, + France & Britain

107
Q

North Atlantic Drift

A

makes NW Europe & marine west coast climates mild

108
Q

predominant vegetation

A

mixed forests

109
Q

coniferous forests

A

high alt & latitudes

found in Alps & Scandinavia

110
Q

Cold War effects on countries

A

nations (1955-2001) that united after: Germany (East & West)

nations that divided: Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, & Czechoslovakia(Czech + Slovakia)

111
Q

Soviet Union

A

now: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova

112
Q

predominant super language family

A

Indo-European: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Baltic, Greek, Albanian, Celtic (covered most of Eurasia)

  • (northern) Germanic: German, English, etc.
  • (southern) Romantic: Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc.
  • (eastern) Slavic: Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, etc.
113
Q

religion that Europe’s 3 largest denominations belong to

A

Christianity (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant)

over 2,000 years old (since 50 CE)

more than 1.3 Christians in world

Roman Catholic = predominant & >1 billion ppl

114
Q

cultural factors that divide Europe

A

ethnicity (Yugoslavia)

religion (Spanish Succession, Holocaust)

Gov’t style (Cold War)

115
Q

cultural factors that unite Europe

A

EU

religion

democracy (today)

history

cultural traditions/family

116
Q

4 ancient European empires

A

Alexandrian

Roman

Greek

British

117
Q

4 major rivers

A

Seine, Danube, Rhine, Thames

118
Q

Gulf Stream

A

major current/drift that warms Europe

119
Q

Mediterranean

A

Moors (North AFrica)

European

Latin

Greek

Turks

Egyptian

Iberian

120
Q

how Germany split

A

60-40 by land

50-50 by population

121
Q

amnesty

A

given to refugees when escaping into another country for safety

122
Q

characteristics of West/USA in Cold War era

A

capitalism

democracy

market economy

123
Q

characteristics of East/USSR in Cold War era

A

communism

dictatorship

command economy

124
Q

Julius Caesar

A

part of 3 generals who wanted to rule Rome

125
Q

Augustus Caesar

A

successor to Julius Caesar after he was assassinated

126
Q

feudalism power positions

A

least to greatest:

serfs

vassals

lords

king

127
Q

serfs

A

ppl who worked for vassals their entire lives

128
Q

nobles

A

lords & vassals

129
Q

Great Schism

A

1054

Eastern Orthodox(E. Euro) & Roman Catholic(W. Euro) created out of this

130
Q

tickets to heaven

A

have been around but not used very often; when a sinner fully becomes holy, goes to Pope & can be reconciled but with these tickets could just buy reconcilation, even ahead of time!!

131
Q

Martin Luther

A

Bishop of Rome became Pop, however no one checked the Pop’es power; Church = secular (sep’ed from religion) until Martin Luther came along; found sale of indulgence (tickets to salvation, tickets to heaven);

nailed 95 Theses on door of Church in Germany; went into hiding & started Lutheranism 1500’s

132
Q

why not join EU?

A

lose power over currency

133
Q

Middle Ages

A

period of time b/w fall of Roman Empire (476) & Renaissance Era (1500)

stages = Dark Ages, Middle Middle Ages, & High Middle Ages

134
Q

welfare state

A

country that takes primary responsibility for social welfare programs to their citizens

ISS (14 decks)

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