Europe Flashcards

Question

Alpine countries

Answer 1

France - has Mt. Blanc Italy Austria Switzerland

Answer 2

Alp's highest peak "White Mtn." 15,700+ ft = 5,000 ft shorter than McKinley

Answer 3

sep's Spain & Morocco; Europe & Africa gateway to Mediterranean/Atlantic controlled by British from Spanish coast, looking south, can see Africa -\> "pillars of Hercules"

Answer 4

Scandinavian & Scottish used to be connected (Pangeatic formation previous to last one)

Answer 5

advantageous cuz: higher ground, can see enemy from far away, familiar w/ hiding places ppl living there called highlanders used to be 1 mtn ragne w/ Scandinavian highlands

Answer 6

Euro -\> Asia Rhine -\> Russia North of Carpathian & Alpine Mtns used to be very wooded unique cuz natural path for invasion (hostile or not) WW2

Answer 7

Euro = just over 1/2 the area of U.S. but nearly 2x the pop. ppl very concentrated the less income u have, the closer the quarters u live in more near rivers (Rhine, Danube, Po); less in high alt/lat biggest: Germany 81 mill smallest: Monaco 30,500 (pop. density \> pop.); not Vatican cuz no pop growth rate & no imports/exports (0.2 sq mi)

Answer 8

North Balkan region area the Slovakians live in; moved into Serbia which is overpopulated now; others moved NE to Russia

Answer 9

border b/w Spain & France Andorra nestled in the mtns

Answer 10

Republic of Ireland - Eire United Kingdom - Great Britain; politically Scotland, England, & Wales but not N. Ireland

Answer 11

Republic of Ireland

Answer 12

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)

Answer 13

protected British from Spanish seperates Great Britain from mainland; chunnel however, connects them

Answer 14

connects Great Britain w/ mainland cities connected: London & Paris (meet on mainland @ 1st junction)

Answer 15

mostly commercial farming ⇒ Europe is developed/1st world country petroleum dominates North Sea (100's of them); cons: chance of oil spills, lots of boats on water, country dependant on oil North Sea, esp. border areas = better fishing ground than other places cuz continental shelf (where it drops off to deep sea) is called fishery ⇒ lots of fish

Answer 16

biggest: France 257, 520 sq.mi; 643,801 sq.km smallest: Monaco 2 sq. km.

Answer 17

older than Gothic Greek & Roman = often in need of defensive structures ⇒ stout (harder to knock over), thick walls later however, throughout Golden Age, became just the style - we have Romanesque in our capital (altho combined w/ Gothic)

Answer 18

for pleasure → height & light (stained glass) Notre Dame Cathedral, Big Ben, Parliament

Answer 19

blend of styles can be found in certain British eras some towns built in early pioneer years = Victorian & Queen Anne houses

Answer 20

low-lying area from which seawater has been drained to create new farmland; reclaimed lands from dikes used to be drained & kept dry by windmills but now other power sources run pumps to remove the seawater provide 100's of 1000's of acres for farming & settlement rising temp's melt ice caps → rising sea levels → stronger storms, force, etc. against walls 1st windmills → arranged windmills in groups (now could steal vast [tracks] of new land from the sea → huge electric diesel pumps (nearly 5 trillion gallons pumped/year) the faster the land was drained, however, the faster it sank; in past century, has sunk by nearly 2 ft & some of the water is nearly 20ft higher than land; protected by dikes & coastal dunes over the centuries, floods have killed 100's of 1000's; 1287, killed 100's → changed Holland, carved inlet, capital city now built near, flooded the capital

Answer 21

sovereign territory of which 60%ish is made up of polders (from North Sea) NW of Germany, N of Belgium & France abundant fisheries started since 2,000 years ago Amsterdam & Rotterdam (mouth of Rhine R., busiest port) southern coast - longest dam below sea level

Answer 22

sliced northern inlet in 2 w/ a 19mi long dike on 1 side would be sea & the other would be freshwater lake April 1927 began construction built 2 clay walls, built web around it to protect, then filled in clay wall trough 1932, finished construction 12 ft above high tideline behind the dam, went on to build more dikes, sent in pumps; over next 40 years, nearly 1/2 million acres of seakbank; seakbed = artifacts from past ancient shipwrecks & pottery 5,000 years old ; however still had to wait for land to dry out for planting, farming

Answer 23

during WWII, Rhine targeted → several inlets in disrepair; 1953, winds from south flooded the dikes; no place to run - had burst in 3 places - many fled to attics but still drowned; demolished 70 dikes, nearly 2,000 died; had to fix, but several inlets = harder; built barrier after barrier, creating new inland lakes until only the hardest inlet was left; just as construction began, Dutch public began to question this cuz threatened fragile ecosystem in this inlet & fishing industry; Dutch therefore built open structure that would only close during storm conditions - had to work fast world's longest dam w/ nearly 60 doors; built dam in sections on land & then put into sea so wouldn't break before done narrow channel = water gets faster, whirling; turned to first dike for inspiration → factories for mats worked in brief period each day when tide could be overcome (2 30 min. periods/day) storm surge barrier w/ doors finally completed w/ highway on top, supposed to last 200 years during storm, comp's monitor seas, alert emergency crew

Answer 24

extremely fertile (nourished by Rhine - 900 mi); regularly floods, leaving behind nutrients; 1st settlers stayed on small mounds; to protect land, built primeval dikes to keep land dry; as the new land dried, it settled, making it hard to drain → reclaimed by sea; windmill changed that - world's 1st wind powered pumps, turned massive water wheel below; also, affordable, & anyways mostly agricultural

Answer 25

narrow channel leading up Rhine to Rotterdam, busiest port if storm, would flood Rotterdam needed barrier that would allow ships to go through too locks too slow, dam doors too short

Answer 26

at mouth of Samus River, founded by Oscans sits by 1 of several volcanoes in region; so many volcanoes cuz convergence of 3 tectonic plates olives = king of Med. trading → Pompeii = prosperous city; however, also temptations (alcohol, prositution, gambling) villa = pretty much small village; Med. vegetation (palm trees); front parlor room = mosaics on floor & frescos on walls; statues of gods/patriarch/matriarch of family @ this time 79AD Christinaity = illegal cult, blamed for a lot of stuff; persecuted @ gladiator games gruesomely week-long festivals in honor of gods; one was to celebrate human pleasure (food, sex, health) for wealthy, celebrated gluttony, etc. basically 7 sins Italy's Apennines 1st as important center of commerce, witha ccess to sea-traffic that could supply all of the Med. countries; agricultural produce like corn, oil, fruits, vegetables, wine, cattle; industrial (cheese, milk, fish sauce, woolens)

Answer 27

volcanoes = direct link b/w surface & magma destructive but necessary to release heat & gas from Earth

Answer 28

79 AD blew western side of volcano off & blew lava to Herculaneum; prevailing winds however blew ash to Pompeii who had little time to escape; both got pumice when found, discovered cavities that the bodies decomposed in; filled in w/ [plaster] to make detailed molds 2,000 buried earthquakes 16 years prior pompeii discovered again in 1748 last time it blew was 1944

Answer 29

cuz of lack of necessary distribution of funds to maintain the upkeep of the plant; poor maintenance & updating cuz of lack of diffusion (Cold War) - didn't share technology, etc. shut water of steam engine off, but not the heat ⇒ BOOM Apr. 27, 1986 - Ukraine (Soviet Union); spread as far east as Siberia(Russia) & as far west as Canada worst nuclear accident in world history core melt-down followed an explosion & spread radioactive dust particles over much of Europe & the northern hemisphere when it happened, wasn't reported for 4-5 crucial days cuz ashamed; medical treatment earlier on could have made a big diff 28 ppl died in rescue crews w/in weeks cuz of deficient suits; 2 workers died in blast; 1000's of eastern Europeans got thyroid cancer; significant rate of congenital birth defects in past decade radiation weakest in center (see pic) Ex: ppl near Salem, New Jersey's nuclear plants got free iodine pills from gov't (doesn't prevent but reduces damage)

Answer 30

Slavic ppl moved south into Balkan peninsula from modern southern Poland & Russia established independent states - Croatia (Croats), Serbia (Serbs), Slovenia (Slovenes); ruled by foreign nations for centuries; 1400s, Ottomans (based in Turkey) controlled much of the region 500 years & gave the peninsula its name Ottoman Turks defeated in Balkan Wars 1912-1913 after, movement to unite Slavs into 1 country; 1918 Slavs formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 1929 renamed Yugoslavia "Land of the South Slavs" WWII, Nazi Germany's occupation of Yugo divided the country; thruout war, undergroup group headed by Croatian Josip Broz/Tito worked against Germany; @ end of war 1945, Yugo emerged as Communist country under Tito w/ 6 republics - Croatia, Bosnia & Herz, Slovenia, Montengegro, Sebia, & Macedonia

Answer 31

Tito ruled w/ iron hand & held ethnically mixed republic together - 1 challenge = keep Serbia, largest republic, from dominating central gov't →gave greater autonomy to 2 provinces w/ Serbia - Kosovo & Vojvodina economy crumbled in 1970s when Tito died 1980, country began to fracture 1991-1992 Serbia's prez Slobodan Milosevic tried to assert Serb leadership over republics → Slovenia, Macedonia, & Croatia declared independence fighting erupted in Croatia b/w Serbs & non-Serbs when Bos & Herz tried to secede, civil war broke out 2002, remaining republic - Serbia & Montenegro loosened ties nations in the end: Serbia, Bosn&Herz, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Slovenia

Answer 32

large banks of earth & stone that hold back water built by Dutch since Middle Ages because of these, reclaimed new land from the sea, altho sometimes breached, causing floods

Answer 33

the process whereby glaciers form & spread over land during last Ice Age, glaciers spread over the Scandinavian Peninsula & carved fjords

Answer 34

long, steep-sided, narrow inlets/glacial valleys now filled by seawater carved out by glaciers from glaciation on Atlantic coastlines, like Norway many provide fine harbors

Answer 35

fine, yellow-ish brown topsoil made up of particles of silt and clay, usually carried by the wind covers southern edge of north European Plain

Answer 36

dry wind that blows from the leeward sides of mountains, sometimes melting snow & causing avalanches; term used mainly in Euro

Answer 37

mass of ice, snow, or rock that slides down a mtnside threatens skiers & hikers often carry away everything in their paths serious natural hazard in Alps

Answer 38

strong northerly wind from the Alps that can bring cold air to southern France, changing weather patterns

Answer 39

hot desert wind that can blow air & dust from North Africa to western Euro's Med. coast, bringing high temps to the region

Answer 40

moss used for fuel/heat & fertilizer Scotland, Ireland, England, Finland

Answer 41

marine west coast - mixed forest (deciduous & mixed deciduous-coniferous forest); humid continental - "" & temperate grassland mediterranean - chaparral

Answer 42

deforestation for population density

Answer 43

high latitude - north, Scandinavia high altitude - Alps, mountains coniferous/tundra vegetation

Answer 44

groups of ppl w/ a shared ancestry language, customs, & often, religion most likely share a gene pool

Answer 45

the expelling from a country or killing of rival ethnic groups; local form of genocide/forced eviction Ex: Serbia was losing control - remembered the stories of how the Ruks oppressed them & exacted their hate towards Muslims, Turks, Holocaust, Venezuela (southern pop = migrant workers from French Guinea/Guinea; forced them out, otherwise killed), 90's republic of Yugoslavia fell apart

Answer 46

ppl who flee to a foreign country for safety; fleeing homeland for safety from war, famine, etc. criminals flee justice/conviction (Snowden to Canada) result of Serb ethnic cleansing

Answer 47

the movement of ppl from rural areas into cities began in western Euro late 1700s & after WWIII, spread to eastern Euro concentration of population in towns & cities due to growth of industries & cities part of movement ot industrialization

Answer 48

500-800 AD lacked security, literacy, high culture literacy rates, architecture, life regressed

Answer 49

800-1200 AD Rise of Towns & Monarchies invasions feudalism fading loyalty switch (from loyal to nobles to loyal to king) Agri-Boom increase of middle class

Answer 50

social organization system based on: relationship b/w higher & lower nobles (lords, vassals) land for allegiance, military service, tax a system in which monarchs/lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty social system based on allegiance & land b/w lords & vassals very defensive system - ppl didn't move around much

Answer 51

often occur simultaneously w/ pop. booms before: each crop takes nutrients from soil, so next year can't plant on that side - have to leave fallow; planted instead w/ clover, turnips, radishes which rooted deep & gave back nutrients; no/barely any irrigation ^^ crop rotation = already an improvement

Answer 52

after: more food available per person

Answer 53

1200-1500 AD crusades, civil wars, major wars limited monarchs w/ legislation (Magna Carta, etc.) bubonic plague 1347-52 killed 1/3 Europe/25 million in 5 years; ppl spread everywhere; called bubonic cuz before the ppl died, turned black w/ necrosis & lymph node system swelled up in phalanges, underarms, etc. swollen bubos

Answer 54

beginning in 1000's, western European armies fought a series of brutal religious wars to win Palestine, birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule Europeans failed to win permanent control but did extend trade routes to eastern Med. world @ the beginning knew nothing abt Muslims, so thought they were devil worshippers/something; crossed the world just to fight ppl they did not know cuz Church had immense power 1st Crusade = only successful one, slaughtered, the colonies they set up were attacked & taken back

Answer 55

beginning in 1300s, a 300-year period of discovery & learning that brought about great advances in Euro civilization renewed interest in classical culture Renaissance starts in Italy (Michelangelo, Dante, etc.) & continues to exist in South, but spreads to North (Will Shakespeare, Guttenberg, painters in Flanders[now Belgium]); basically south & north arts: paintings(mona lisa), sketches, statues (1st free standing), murals, music, literature perspective (w/ focal pt, horizon, etc, painted to look like a real scene) Guttenberg = printing press; Newton's laws of gravity; 1054 east & west of Euro split idealogically (Catholic = west & used icons, statues cuz ppl couldn't read, Christian in east & Byzantine Empire → patriarchs)

Answer 56

original = Greek, Roman

Answer 57

1500's a religious movement which lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church & led to the beginnings of Protestantism aided by increased production of books & pamphlets more churches still forming - Calvinisim, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Unitarian, Deist (Ben Franklin) exponential Protestant Faiths growth continues today most Catholics in Brazil

Answer 58

during late 1700's & early 1700's many educated Euro's emphasized the importance of reason & began to question long-standing traditions & values followed by poltiical & economic revolutions that swept the entire region asked "why" in many diff ways Why you poor? French revolution. Why Church such power (Protestants asked)? found Protestant movement Why we exist? Why some ppl can criticize gov't while others can't? Voltaire - In Praise of British Gov't

Answer 59

mid-1800's, a philosophy that called for a society based on economic quality in which the workers would control the factories & industrial production absolutely no private ownership. everything owned by state only 3% of pop. of Soviet Union actually communist; the rest were prolitarian workers

Answer 60

political philosophy in which the gov't owns the means of production a way of organization so that gov't owns much of industry & all of land, but allows private business ownerships

Answer 61

WWII in Europe the mass killing of \>6 million Euro Jews & others by Germany's Nazi leaders attempted genocide side effect of fascism (narrow mindedly believing in only ur beliefs) not German's fault - gov't fault; when national pride after WWI went down, Nazis rose up to bring Germany out of stupor. by 1937 had non-agression pact w/ Russia & then invaded Poland

Answer 62

payment for damages; repayments made to countries, ppl unfairly damaged or harmed Versailles peace treay (1919) found Germany guilty of starting WWI ⇒ they had to pay rep's; also in WWII US → Japanese concentration camps

Answer 63

b/w WWII & fall of Berlin Wall (1945-89) abt 45 years division of Euro from WWII brought about this, a global power struggle b/w the communist world (led by Soviet Union) & noncommunist world (led by US); West & East, dem & comm, US & USSR divided Germany = hot point of Cold War in Euro both tried to increase sphere of influence; Russia sphere = North Korea, China, Soviet Union, Cuba; US = south Vietnam, South Korea, Latin Am (Panama Canal) lack of shared info → spies

Answer 64

around since '52; 29 countries now; originally 6 countries underying goal = European economical dominance; primary purpose = trade an organization whose goal was a united Euro, in which goods, services, & workers could move freely among member countries; trade agreement to eliminate trade restraints, provide organization, currency (euro), financial help, lift border restraints, provide gov't, help on sanctions, get rid of terrorists; sanctions = like against Russia now, although careful cuz Russia = oil if joined EU before Great Recession, very happy country, prosperous Britain doesn't use Euros cuz their pounds still more valuable; 17 countries don't use it lacks sovereignty Parliamentary gov't

Answer 65

artistic style emphasizing individual emotions that developed in Europe in the late 1700s & early 1800s as a reaction to industrialization focused on emotions, stirring historical events, & the exotic French painter Eugene Delacroix, British writer Sir Walter Scott, German composer Beethoven

Answer 66

artististic style portraying everyday life that developed in Euro during the mid-1800s more significance in everyday things (bowl of fruit, no photoshopping)

Answer 67

artistic style that developed in Euro in the late 1800s & tried to show the natural appearance of obj's with dabs or strokes of color a group of French painters moved outdoors from their studios to capture immediate experiences, or "impressions" of the natural world

Answer 68

1998 paved the way for Protestant & Roman Catholic communities to share political power mixed feelings abt it - situation still unstable Ulster Project? where teenage boys from Catholic/Protestant go thru program & realize they r more similar than they thought

Answer 69

Ben Franklin believes there is a creator & end of times, etc. but no one knows in this life. have to see to believe. go thru life & judge @ end. indpendent way of thinking

Answer 70

fertile soil on banks of rivers want to live near fresh water

Answer 71

end of cold war unrest Chernobyl break up of Yugoslavia economy boom new pope

Answer 72

space affects population (limited space in cities) more expensive to raise children

Answer 73

the movements were to improve the lives of workers

Answer 74

WWI - old monarchies collapsed (before, was the Holy Roman Empire in Germany & surrounding areas way before); Germany - Austria (Habsburgs), Ottoman Empire → Turkey WWII - new dictatorships formed; Iron Curtain - Soviet Satellite Nations

Answer 75

Soviet Satellite Nations satellite countries tht didn't openly conform - Poland & Yugoslavia

Answer 76

ppl above Rhine & Danube started living in trees Migration Highway 200AD

Answer 77

exploration, colonies, trade posts spread language, religion, gov't, disease

Answer 78

we provide healthcare mainly for those who need it most

Answer 79

509 BCE-27BCE shunned kings many civil wars

Answer 80

27 BCE-476 CE major rivers: Rhine, Danube, Po, & Tiber

Answer 81

lasted until 1453CE at its peak, controlled all Med. region, + France & Britain

Answer 82

makes NW Europe & marine west coast climates mild

Answer 83

mixed forests

Answer 84

high alt & latitudes found in Alps & Scandinavia

Answer 85

nations (1955-2001) that united after: Germany (East & West) nations that divided: Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, & Czechoslovakia(Czech + Slovakia)

Answer 86

now: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova

Answer 87

Indo-European: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Baltic, Greek, Albanian, Celtic (covered most of Eurasia) * (northern) Germanic: German, English, etc. * (southern) Romantic: Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc. * (eastern) Slavic: Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, etc.

Answer 88

Christianity (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant) over 2,000 years old (since 50 CE) more than 1.3 Christians in world Roman Catholic = predominant & \>1 billion ppl

Answer 89

ethnicity (Yugoslavia) religion (Spanish Succession, Holocaust) Gov't style (Cold War)

Answer 90

EU religion democracy (today) history cultural traditions/family

Answer 91

Alexandrian Roman Greek British

Answer 92

Seine, Danube, Rhine, Thames

Answer 93

major current/drift that warms Europe

Answer 94

Moors (North AFrica) European Latin Greek Turks Egyptian Iberian

Answer 95

60-40 by land 50-50 by population

Answer 96

given to refugees when escaping into another country for safety

Answer 97

capitalism democracy market economy

Answer 98

communism dictatorship command economy

Answer 99

part of 3 generals who wanted to rule Rome

Answer 100

successor to Julius Caesar after he was assassinated

Answer 101

least to greatest: serfs vassals lords king

Answer 102

ppl who worked for vassals their entire lives

Answer 103

lords & vassals

Answer 104

1054 Eastern Orthodox(E. Euro) & Roman Catholic(W. Euro) created out of this

Answer 105

have been around but not used very often; when a sinner fully becomes holy, goes to Pope & can be reconciled but with these tickets could just buy reconcilation, even ahead of time!!

Answer 106

Bishop of Rome became Pop, however no one checked the Pop'es power; Church = secular (sep'ed from religion) until Martin Luther came along; found sale of indulgence (tickets to salvation, tickets to heaven); nailed 95 Theses on door of Church in Germany; went into hiding & started Lutheranism 1500's

Answer 107

lose power over currency

Answer 108

period of time b/w fall of Roman Empire (476) & Renaissance Era (1500) stages = Dark Ages, Middle Middle Ages, & High Middle Ages

Answer 109

country that takes primary responsibility for social welfare programs to their citizens