Europe Flashcards
Venice
waterways = streets and gondolas = cars
example of how geography affects progress
gondolas
driven by gondoliers
Rhine River
flows from Alps to North Sea (northerly); source in Swiss Alps & mouth in Netherlands
partly border b/w Germany & France
subject of many wars (War of Austrian Succession, 7 Years War, WWI, WWII
busiest in Europe; lots of shipping businesses use daily
Danube River
flows from Alps to Black Sea
flows thru or along more countries than any other river in world
longest river in Europe
Alps
highest peak = Mont Blanc (France, near border w/ Switzerland & Italy)
source of Rhine & Danube rivers
Thames River
London, England
Seine River
by & thru Paris
Tiber River
Rome
Po River
flows toward Venice, northern Euro, NE Italy
destruction of Berlin Wall
1906-ish, Soviet Union finally assumed control/influence over much of eastern Europe
already had control of Baltic States, Estonia, Lithuania, etc.
controlled ppl from afar; satellite countries set up (republics)
Soviet Union
1989 taken down by citizens
Scandinavian Peninsula
Northern Euro
separates Baltic/Bothnian & North/Atlantic/Norwegian
Norway, Sweden, Finland
part of vikings (along w/ Denmark)
Jutland Peninsula
separates North & Baltic
Denmark
Iberian Peninsula
sep’s Atlantic/Bay of Biscay and Mediterranean; Spain & Portugal?
Apennine peninsula
sep’s Tyrrhenian and Adriatic
Balkan peninsula
“Mountain” peninsula
sep’s Adriatic & Aegean/Ionian
lies in southeast Euro, b/w Black & Adriatic Seas
towering mtn ranges - Carpathian & Dinaric - dominate the area
Europe
largest peninsula
coastline so chopped up cuz of glaciers & recession
lowest point = Netherlands
highest = Alps/Mt. Blanc/France
Baltic Sea
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, etc. lots
North Sea
sep’s UK, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands
Adriatic Sea
sep’s Italy, Slovakia, Croatia, Bos-Herz; Apennine from Balkan
Aegean Sea
sep’s Greece & Turkey
more islands than any other sea on earth
Irish/Celtic Sea
sep’s British Isles
Mediterranean Sea
largest sea in Europe
sep’s Euro & Africa
Tyrrhenian Sea
1 of oldest industries booming = olives
b/w Italy, north Africa
Black Sea
shows up in all units
covered a lot in current events
warmwater port
Alpine countries
France - has Mt. Blanc
Italy
Austria
Switzerland
Mt. Blanc
Alp’s highest peak
“White Mtn.”
15,700+ ft = 5,000 ft shorter than McKinley
Strait of Gibraltar
sep’s Spain & Morocco; Europe & Africa
gateway to Mediterranean/Atlantic
controlled by British
from Spanish coast, looking south, can see Africa -> “pillars of Hercules”
highlands
Scandinavian & Scottish used to be connected (Pangeatic formation previous to last one)
Scottish Highlands
advantageous cuz: higher ground, can see enemy from far away, familiar w/ hiding places
ppl living there called highlanders
used to be 1 mtn ragne w/ Scandinavian highlands
North European Plain
Great Russian Plain
“Migration Highway”
Euro -> Asia
Rhine -> Russia
North of Carpathian & Alpine Mtns
used to be very wooded
unique cuz natural path for invasion (hostile or not) WW2
population
Euro = just over 1/2 the area of U.S. but nearly 2x the pop.
ppl very concentrated
the less income u have, the closer the quarters u live in
more near rivers (Rhine, Danube, Po); less in high alt/lat
biggest: Germany 81 mill
smallest: Monaco 30,500 (pop. density > pop.); not Vatican cuz no pop growth rate & no imports/exports (0.2 sq mi)
Carpathian Mtns
North Balkan region
area the Slovakians live in; moved into Serbia which is overpopulated now; others moved NE to Russia
Pyrenees Mtns
border b/w Spain & France
Andorra nestled in the mtns
British Isles
Republic of Ireland - Eire
United Kingdom - Great Britain; politically Scotland, England, & Wales but not N. Ireland
Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Great Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)
English Channel
protected British from Spanish
seperates Great Britain from mainland; chunnel however, connects them
chunnel
connects Great Britain w/ mainland
cities connected: London & Paris (meet on mainland @ 1st junction)
economic activity
mostly commercial farming ⇒ Europe is developed/1st world country
petroleum dominates North Sea (100’s of them); cons: chance of oil spills, lots of boats on water, country dependant on oil
North Sea, esp. border areas = better fishing ground than other places cuz continental shelf (where it drops off to deep sea) is called fishery ⇒ lots of fish
area
biggest: France 257, 520 sq.mi; 643,801 sq.km
smallest: Monaco 2 sq. km.
Romanesque architecture
older than Gothic
Greek & Roman = often in need of defensive structures ⇒ stout (harder to knock over), thick walls
later however, throughout Golden Age, became just the style - we have Romanesque in our capital (altho combined w/ Gothic)
Gothic architecture
for pleasure → height & light (stained glass)
Notre Dame Cathedral, Big Ben, Parliament
British architecture
blend of styles can be found in certain British eras
some towns built in early pioneer years = Victorian & Queen Anne houses
polders
low-lying area from which seawater has been drained to create new farmland; reclaimed lands from dikes
used to be drained & kept dry by windmills but now other power sources run pumps to remove the seawater
provide 100’s of 1000’s of acres for farming & settlement
rising temp’s melt ice caps → rising sea levels → stronger storms, force, etc. against walls
1st windmills → arranged windmills in groups (now could steal vast [tracks] of new land from the sea → huge electric diesel pumps (nearly 5 trillion gallons pumped/year)
the faster the land was drained, however, the faster it sank; in past century, has sunk by nearly 2 ft & some of the water is nearly 20ft higher than land; protected by dikes & coastal dunes
over the centuries, floods have killed 100’s of 1000’s; 1287, killed 100’s → changed Holland, carved inlet, capital city now built near, flooded the capital
Netherlands
sovereign territory of which 60%ish is made up of polders (from North Sea)
NW of Germany, N of Belgium & France
abundant fisheries
started since 2,000 years ago
Amsterdam & Rotterdam (mouth of Rhine R., busiest port)
southern coast - longest dam
below sea level
Cornelius Levy
sliced northern inlet in 2 w/ a 19mi long dike
on 1 side would be sea & the other would be freshwater lake
April 1927 began construction
built 2 clay walls, built web around it to protect, then filled in clay wall trough
1932, finished construction
12 ft above high tideline
behind the dam, went on to build more dikes, sent in pumps; over next 40 years, nearly 1/2 million acres of seakbank; seakbed = artifacts from past ancient shipwrecks & pottery 5,000 years old ; however still had to wait for land to dry out for planting, farming
1953 polder flood
during WWII, Rhine targeted → several inlets in disrepair;
1953, winds from south flooded the dikes;
no place to run - had burst in 3 places - many fled to attics but still drowned;
demolished 70 dikes, nearly 2,000 died;
had to fix, but several inlets = harder;
built barrier after barrier, creating new inland lakes until only the hardest inlet was left; just as construction began, Dutch public began to question this cuz threatened fragile ecosystem in this inlet & fishing industry; Dutch therefore built open structure that would only close during storm conditions - had to work fast
world’s longest dam w/ nearly 60 doors; built dam in sections on land & then put into sea so wouldn’t break before done
narrow channel = water gets faster, whirling; turned to first dike for inspiration → factories for mats
worked in brief period each day when tide could be overcome (2 30 min. periods/day)
storm surge barrier w/ doors finally completed w/ highway on top, supposed to last 200 years
during storm, comp’s monitor seas, alert emergency crew
why did Dutch stay in Netherlands?
extremely fertile (nourished by Rhine - 900 mi);
regularly floods, leaving behind nutrients;
1st settlers stayed on small mounds;
to protect land, built primeval dikes to keep land dry;
as the new land dried, it settled, making it hard to drain → reclaimed by sea;
windmill changed that - world’s 1st wind powered pumps, turned massive water wheel below;
also, affordable, & anyways mostly agricultural
Rotterdam polder
narrow channel leading up Rhine to Rotterdam, busiest port
if storm, would flood Rotterdam
needed barrier that would allow ships to go through too
locks too slow, dam doors too short
Pompeii
at mouth of Samus River, founded by Oscans
sits by 1 of several volcanoes in region; so many volcanoes cuz convergence of 3 tectonic plates
olives = king of Med. trading → Pompeii = prosperous city; however, also temptations (alcohol, prositution, gambling)
villa = pretty much small village; Med. vegetation (palm trees); front parlor room = mosaics on floor & frescos on walls; statues of gods/patriarch/matriarch of family
@ this time 79AD Christinaity = illegal cult, blamed for a lot of stuff; persecuted @ gladiator games gruesomely
week-long festivals in honor of gods; one was to celebrate human pleasure (food, sex, health) for wealthy, celebrated gluttony, etc. basically 7 sins
Italy’s Apennines
1st as important center of commerce, witha ccess to sea-traffic that could supply all of the Med. countries; agricultural produce like corn, oil, fruits, vegetables, wine, cattle; industrial (cheese, milk, fish sauce, woolens)
volcanoes
volcanoes = direct link b/w surface & magma
destructive but necessary to release heat & gas from Earth
Vesuvius
79 AD
blew western side of volcano off & blew lava to Herculaneum; prevailing winds however blew ash to Pompeii who had little time to escape; both got pumice
when found, discovered cavities that the bodies decomposed in; filled in w/ [plaster] to make detailed molds
2,000 buried
earthquakes 16 years prior
pompeii discovered again in 1748
last time it blew was 1944
Chernobyl
cuz of lack of necessary distribution of funds to maintain the upkeep of the plant; poor maintenance & updating cuz of lack of diffusion (Cold War) - didn’t share technology, etc.
shut water of steam engine off, but not the heat ⇒ BOOM
Apr. 27, 1986 - Ukraine (Soviet Union); spread as far east as Siberia(Russia) & as far west as Canada
worst nuclear accident in world history
core melt-down followed an explosion & spread radioactive dust particles over much of Europe & the northern hemisphere
when it happened, wasn’t reported for 4-5 crucial days cuz ashamed; medical treatment earlier on could have made a big diff
28 ppl died in rescue crews w/in weeks cuz of deficient suits; 2 workers died in blast; 1000’s of eastern Europeans got thyroid cancer; significant rate of congenital birth defects in past decade
radiation weakest in center (see pic)
Ex: ppl near Salem, New Jersey’s nuclear plants got free iodine pills from gov’t (doesn’t prevent but reduces damage)
formation of Yugoslavia
Slavic ppl moved south into Balkan peninsula from modern southern Poland & Russia
established independent states - Croatia (Croats), Serbia (Serbs), Slovenia (Slovenes); ruled by foreign nations for centuries; 1400s, Ottomans (based in Turkey) controlled much of the region 500 years & gave the peninsula its name
Ottoman Turks defeated in Balkan Wars 1912-1913
after, movement to unite Slavs into 1 country; 1918 Slavs formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 1929 renamed Yugoslavia “Land of the South Slavs”
WWII, Nazi Germany’s occupation of Yugo divided the country; thruout war, undergroup group headed by Croatian Josip Broz/Tito worked against Germany; @ end of war 1945, Yugo emerged as Communist country under Tito w/ 6 republics - Croatia, Bosnia & Herz, Slovenia, Montengegro, Sebia, & Macedonia
Yugoslavia breaks up
Tito ruled w/ iron hand & held ethnically mixed republic together - 1 challenge = keep Serbia, largest republic, from dominating central gov’t →gave greater autonomy to 2 provinces w/ Serbia - Kosovo & Vojvodina
economy crumbled in 1970s
when Tito died 1980, country began to fracture
1991-1992 Serbia’s prez Slobodan Milosevic tried to assert Serb leadership over republics → Slovenia, Macedonia, & Croatia declared independence
fighting erupted in Croatia b/w Serbs & non-Serbs
when Bos & Herz tried to secede, civil war broke out
2002, remaining republic - Serbia & Montenegro loosened ties
nations in the end: Serbia, Bosn&Herz, Croatia, Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Slovenia
dikes
large banks of earth & stone that hold back water
built by Dutch since Middle Ages
because of these, reclaimed new land from the sea, altho sometimes breached, causing floods
glaciation
the process whereby glaciers form & spread over land
during last Ice Age, glaciers spread over the Scandinavian Peninsula & carved fjords
fjord
long, steep-sided, narrow inlets/glacial valleys now filled by seawater
carved out by glaciers from glaciation
on Atlantic coastlines, like Norway
many provide fine harbors
loess
fine, yellow-ish brown topsoil made up of particles of silt and clay, usually carried by the wind
covers southern edge of north European Plain
foehn
dry wind that blows from the leeward sides of mountains, sometimes melting snow & causing avalanches;
term used mainly in Euro
avalanche
mass of ice, snow, or rock that slides down a mtnside
threatens skiers & hikers
often carry away everything in their paths
serious natural hazard in Alps
mistral
strong northerly wind from the Alps that can bring cold air to southern France, changing weather patterns
sirocco
hot desert wind that can blow air & dust from North Africa to western Euro’s Med. coast, bringing high temps to the region
peat
moss
used for fuel/heat & fertilizer
Scotland, Ireland, England, Finland
predominant climate regions & vegetation in them
marine west coast - mixed forest (deciduous & mixed deciduous-coniferous forest);
humid continental - “” & temperate grassland
mediterranean - chaparral
how human-environ interaction has changed Euro’s vegetation the most
deforestation for population density
cold climates & the vegetation in them
high latitude - north, Scandinavia
high altitude - Alps, mountains
coniferous/tundra vegetation
ethnic group
groups of ppl w/ a shared ancestry language, customs, & often, religion
most likely share a gene pool
ethnic cleansing
the expelling from a country or killing of rival ethnic groups; local form of genocide/forced eviction
Ex: Serbia was losing control - remembered the stories of how the Ruks oppressed them & exacted their hate towards Muslims, Turks, Holocaust, Venezuela (southern pop = migrant workers from French Guinea/Guinea; forced them out, otherwise killed), 90’s republic of Yugoslavia fell apart
refugee
ppl who flee to a foreign country for safety; fleeing homeland for safety from war, famine, etc.
criminals flee justice/conviction (Snowden to Canada)
result of Serb ethnic cleansing
urbanization
the movement of ppl from rural areas into cities
began in western Euro late 1700s & after WWIII, spread to eastern Euro
concentration of population in towns & cities due to growth of industries & cities
part of movement ot industrialization
Early Middle Ages
Dark Ages
500-800 AD
lacked security, literacy, high culture
literacy rates, architecture, life regressed
Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
Middle Middle Ages
800-1200 AD
Rise of Towns & Monarchies
invasions
feudalism fading
loyalty switch (from loyal to nobles to loyal to king)
Agri-Boom
increase of middle class
feudalism
social organization system based on:
relationship b/w higher & lower nobles (lords, vassals)
land for allegiance, military service, tax
a system in which monarchs/lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty
social system based on allegiance & land b/w lords & vassals
very defensive system - ppl didn’t move around much
Agri-Boom before
often occur simultaneously w/ pop. booms
before: each crop takes nutrients from soil, so next year can’t plant on that side - have to leave fallow; planted instead w/ clover, turnips, radishes which rooted deep & gave back nutrients; no/barely any irrigation
^^ crop rotation = already an improvement
Agri-Boom after
after: more food available per person
High Ages
Medieval
1200-1500 AD
crusades, civil wars, major wars
limited monarchs w/ legislation (Magna Carta, etc.)
bubonic plague 1347-52 killed 1/3 Europe/25 million in 5 years; ppl spread everywhere; called bubonic cuz before the ppl died, turned black w/ necrosis & lymph node system swelled up in phalanges, underarms, etc. swollen bubos
Crusades
beginning in 1000’s, western European armies fought a series of brutal religious wars to win Palestine, birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule
Europeans failed to win permanent control but did extend trade routes to eastern Med. world
@ the beginning knew nothing abt Muslims, so thought they were devil worshippers/something; crossed the world just to fight ppl they did not know cuz Church had immense power
1st Crusade = only successful one, slaughtered, the colonies they set up were attacked & taken back
Renaissance
beginning in 1300s, a 300-year period of discovery & learning that brought about great advances in Euro civilization
renewed interest in classical culture
Renaissance starts in Italy (Michelangelo, Dante, etc.) & continues to exist in South, but spreads to North (Will Shakespeare, Guttenberg, painters in Flanders[now Belgium]); basically south & north
arts: paintings(mona lisa), sketches, statues (1st free standing), murals, music, literature
perspective (w/ focal pt, horizon, etc, painted to look like a real scene)
Guttenberg = printing press; Newton’s laws of gravity; 1054 east & west of Euro split idealogically (Catholic = west & used icons, statues cuz ppl couldn’t read, Christian in east & Byzantine Empire → patriarchs)
classical culture
original = Greek, Roman
Reformation
1500’s
a religious movement which lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church & led to the beginnings of Protestantism
aided by increased production of books & pamphlets
more churches still forming - Calvinisim, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Unitarian, Deist (Ben Franklin)
exponential Protestant Faiths growth continues today
most Catholics in Brazil
Enlightenment
during late 1700’s & early 1700’s
many educated Euro’s emphasized the importance of reason & began to question long-standing traditions & values
followed by poltiical & economic revolutions that swept the entire region
asked “why” in many diff ways
Why you poor? French revolution.
Why Church such power (Protestants asked)? found Protestant movement
Why we exist?
Why some ppl can criticize gov’t while others can’t? Voltaire - In Praise of British Gov’t
communism
mid-1800’s, a philosophy that called for a society based on economic quality in which the workers would control the factories & industrial production
absolutely no private ownership. everything owned by state
only 3% of pop. of Soviet Union actually communist; the rest were prolitarian workers
socialism
political philosophy in which the gov’t owns the means of production
a way of organization so that gov’t owns much of industry & all of land, but allows private business ownerships
Holocaust
WWII in Europe
the mass killing of >6 million Euro Jews & others by Germany’s Nazi leaders
attempted genocide
side effect of fascism (narrow mindedly believing in only ur beliefs)
not German’s fault - gov’t fault; when national pride after WWI went down, Nazis rose up to bring Germany out of stupor. by 1937 had non-agression pact w/ Russia & then invaded Poland
reparations
payment for damages; repayments made to countries, ppl unfairly damaged or harmed
Versailles peace treay (1919) found Germany guilty of starting WWI ⇒ they had to pay rep’s; also in WWII
US → Japanese concentration camps
Cold War
b/w WWII & fall of Berlin Wall (1945-89) abt 45 years
division of Euro from WWII brought about this, a global power struggle b/w the communist world (led by Soviet Union) & noncommunist world (led by US); West & East, dem & comm, US & USSR
divided Germany = hot point of Cold War in Euro
both tried to increase sphere of influence; Russia sphere = North Korea, China, Soviet Union, Cuba; US = south Vietnam, South Korea, Latin Am (Panama Canal)
lack of shared info → spies
European Union (EU)
around since ‘52; 29 countries now; originally 6 countries
underying goal = European economical dominance; primary purpose = trade
an organization whose goal was a united Euro, in which goods, services, & workers could move freely among member countries; trade agreement to eliminate trade restraints, provide organization, currency (euro), financial help, lift border restraints, provide gov’t, help on sanctions, get rid of terrorists; sanctions = like against Russia now, although careful cuz Russia = oil
if joined EU before Great Recession, very happy country, prosperous
Britain doesn’t use Euros cuz their pounds still more valuable; 17 countries don’t use it
lacks sovereignty
Parliamentary gov’t
Romanticism
artistic style emphasizing individual emotions that developed in Europe in the late 1700s & early 1800s as a reaction to industrialization
focused on emotions, stirring historical events, & the exotic
French painter Eugene Delacroix, British writer Sir Walter Scott, German composer Beethoven
realism
artististic style portraying everyday life that developed in Euro during the mid-1800s
more significance in everyday things (bowl of fruit, no photoshopping)
Impressionism
artistic style that developed in Euro in the late 1800s & tried to show the natural appearance of obj’s with dabs or strokes of color
a group of French painters moved outdoors from their studios to capture immediate experiences, or “impressions” of the natural world
Good Friday Peace Agreement
1998
paved the way for Protestant & Roman Catholic communities to share political power
mixed feelings abt it - situation still unstable
Ulster Project? where teenage boys from Catholic/Protestant go thru program & realize they r more similar than they thought
Deism
Ben Franklin
believes there is a creator & end of times, etc. but no one knows in this life. have to see to believe. go thru life & judge @ end. indpendent way of thinking
influence of physical geography on population distribution
fertile soil on banks of rivers
want to live near fresh water
how recent current events have affected Euro’s cultures
end of cold war unrest
Chernobyl
break up of Yugoslavia
economy boom
new pope
reason for recent drop in birthrates in some major Euro countries
space affects population (limited space in cities)
more expensive to raise children
effect of socialist, communist, & working-class movements on lives of workers in 19th century (1800’s)
the movements were to improve the lives of workers
effect of WWI & WW2 on Eastern Europe
WWI - old monarchies collapsed (before, was the Holy Roman Empire in Germany & surrounding areas way before); Germany - Austria (Habsburgs), Ottoman Empire → Turkey
WWII - new dictatorships formed; Iron Curtain - Soviet Satellite Nations
Iron Curtain
Soviet Satellite Nations
satellite countries tht didn’t openly conform - Poland & Yugoslavia
areas of Europe not conquered by Roman Empire
ppl above Rhine & Danube started living in trees
Migration Highway
200AD
why Europe’s culture so predominant in world
exploration, colonies, trade posts
spread language, religion, gov’t, disease
Europe’s welfare states compared to US healthcare
we provide healthcare mainly for those who need it most
Roman Republic
509 BCE-27BCE
shunned kings
many civil wars
(Western) Roman Empire
27 BCE-476 CE
major rivers: Rhine, Danube, Po, & Tiber
Byzantine Empire
Eastern Roman Empire
lasted until 1453CE
at its peak, controlled all Med. region, + France & Britain
North Atlantic Drift
makes NW Europe & marine west coast climates mild
predominant vegetation
mixed forests
coniferous forests
high alt & latitudes
found in Alps & Scandinavia
Cold War effects on countries
nations (1955-2001) that united after: Germany (East & West)
nations that divided: Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, & Czechoslovakia(Czech + Slovakia)
Soviet Union
now: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova
predominant super language family
Indo-European: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Baltic, Greek, Albanian, Celtic (covered most of Eurasia)
- (northern) Germanic: German, English, etc.
- (southern) Romantic: Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc.
- (eastern) Slavic: Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, etc.
religion that Europe’s 3 largest denominations belong to
Christianity (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant)
over 2,000 years old (since 50 CE)
more than 1.3 Christians in world
Roman Catholic = predominant & >1 billion ppl
cultural factors that divide Europe
ethnicity (Yugoslavia)
religion (Spanish Succession, Holocaust)
Gov’t style (Cold War)
cultural factors that unite Europe
EU
religion
democracy (today)
history
cultural traditions/family
4 ancient European empires
Alexandrian
Roman
Greek
British
4 major rivers
Seine, Danube, Rhine, Thames
Gulf Stream
major current/drift that warms Europe
Mediterranean
Moors (North AFrica)
European
Latin
Greek
Turks
Egyptian
Iberian
how Germany split
60-40 by land
50-50 by population
amnesty
given to refugees when escaping into another country for safety
characteristics of West/USA in Cold War era
capitalism
democracy
market economy
characteristics of East/USSR in Cold War era
communism
dictatorship
command economy
Julius Caesar
part of 3 generals who wanted to rule Rome
Augustus Caesar
successor to Julius Caesar after he was assassinated
feudalism power positions
least to greatest:
serfs
vassals
lords
king
serfs
ppl who worked for vassals their entire lives
nobles
lords & vassals
Great Schism
1054
Eastern Orthodox(E. Euro) & Roman Catholic(W. Euro) created out of this
tickets to heaven
have been around but not used very often; when a sinner fully becomes holy, goes to Pope & can be reconciled but with these tickets could just buy reconcilation, even ahead of time!!
Martin Luther
Bishop of Rome became Pop, however no one checked the Pop’es power; Church = secular (sep’ed from religion) until Martin Luther came along; found sale of indulgence (tickets to salvation, tickets to heaven);
nailed 95 Theses on door of Church in Germany; went into hiding & started Lutheranism 1500’s
why not join EU?
lose power over currency
Middle Ages
period of time b/w fall of Roman Empire (476) & Renaissance Era (1500)
stages = Dark Ages, Middle Middle Ages, & High Middle Ages
welfare state
country that takes primary responsibility for social welfare programs to their citizens
