Late Middle ages Flashcards
The Aviglon Papacy
- Origin: Conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV the
Fair, King of France, over taxation of the clergy- war was very expensive → string defences → multi year conflict
- taxed to get finances for war
- Philip gathers support from his people and makes an
attempt to capture the Pope at Anagni (1303) - Unsuccessful… But message sent!
- Boniface’s successors pardon Philip
- church no longer held power
- civil unrest in rome → political instability → wasn’t for papacy
- papacy relocated to Avignon in 1309, city under french influence
The great famine: 1315-1322 (why?)
The great famine: 1315-1322 (why?)
* severe population growth
* climate change: mini ice age in Europe and extreme rainy season in Germany
* warfare tactic: destroy harvest, ruin soil etc. → long term harm
* nobility pushes reforms: heavy taxation of peasants → led to peasant revolts
* mostly effected northern Europe
* consequences: loss of faith in catholic church → ‘’why is god hurting us?’’
The black death: 1346-1353 and consequences
- Origin in China (trade route of mongol Empire)
- multiple waves on infection, above dates were worst
consequences of black death
* 35-80% of population died → 1/3 of Europe
* Death → inheritance of wealth and possessions → Nouveaux riches
* high labor demand → high wages
* further loss of faith
* Increased Anti-semitism as Jews were blamed
* political instabilities
Hundred years War (1337-1453) (3 Phases)
causes of war
* disputes of territory between England and France
→ unclear bloodlines and inheritance worsened this
* Following King Charles IV death in 1328, King of England was to inherit it
* But french nobles elected own King
* heir attacked France to get his power → War
1 Phase of Hundred years War (1337-1360)
* took place in Aquitaine and surroundings
* Temporary standstill due to Plague
* forced Truce with the Treaties of Calais (1360): France gave territory to England
Phase 2 (1368-1428)
* English King was disliked by french nobles → complained to the french King
* French King condemened his actions → break of treaty (says Eng. King)→ restarted war
Phase 3 (1428-1453)
* French military developments: gunpowder-fired artillery
* Burgundy switches sides due to trade opportunity
* France recaptures: Le Mans, Rouen, Caen and Bordeaux
→ truces would be made that ended the war
Beginning and end of Schism
Great western Schism (1370-1378)
* Papacy under french influence: introduction of new Pope, (Avignon) Pope Gregory, and being moved back to Rome in 1377
The start of Schism
* Election of new italian pope
* french cardinals were unhappy, declared it as invalid and wanted resignation
* Italian Pope did not give up → french installed ‘counter Pope’ at Avignon
* mutual excommunication
* feeding into 100 years War
* third Pope in Bologna
* Wars for control of Papal states
→ Direct reason for the rise of Protestantism!
Fall of Constantinople
- Ottoman Empire toppled them
- allied with Balkan states (independent states)
- weakening of enemies → Conquest of Thrace, Macedonia, Bulgaria
- Crusade called against them in 1396 → won
- Success due to Superior military power → bombards and disunity of enemies
- → ocean trade expanded as people could not travel through land
- Conquest of Constantinople (1453) (Istanbul nowadays)
→ spirit of Roman Empire lived on: court of two cultures
The end of Reconquista
Why did the Emirate of Granada (last muslim control) survive? (1292-1492)
* no large scale wars
* internal power struggles on both sides
* wars were too expensive
* Truce between 1368-1406 (more or less)
Uniting the Spanish Crown
* united as Kingdom of Spain → gained strength
* Conquest of Granada (1492): took Granada back within 40 years
