High middle ages

Question 1

Reconfiguration of the 10th Century

Answer 1

• Byzantine Empire: The conquest of Bazil 2 → expansion
  
  • Islamic Empire fragmented: economic problems and conflict between shia and suni muslims
  • → new players came in and swept all power
  • Al Andalus: fragmented small independent regions → not allies and constant fightin
    → christians conquered in chaos of fighting → new christian kingdoms
  • The Seljuk Turks: overran present day Iran, Iraq, turkey
    → conquiring large part of byzantine empire, endgoal: sunni empire, shifted muslim cultural/political centres to Iran and turkey
  • The Almoravid Empire: wanted money and sunni empire → established kingdom to control salt and gold trade

→ biggest players

Question 2

Norman conquest of England

Answer 2

• Edward the confessor never had an heir → cousin Wiliam was made to be next king
  
  • Harold Godwinson, brother in law → Ed said he wanted him as king
  • → comlications between saxons and vikings
  • Wiliam got mad and went to pope → Wiliam killed Harold → battle of Hastings
  • Wiliam established feudalism, new aristocracy and new taxation system

Question 3

The investiture Controversy

Answer 3

• German Kings aimed to strengthen their power over the secular nobility by appointing
  their own politically aligned bishops and abbots
  → big conflict with Pope Gregory
  
  • King Henry IV go his own Bischop for Milan → got excommunicated by Pope
  • destroyed his relationship to christianity, abbolished feudal system → every vessel is not allowed to serve king
  • back and forth king, nati king, pope, anti pope etc.
  • The Concordat of Worms (1122): compromise between Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II
    → The king has the right to invest bishops with secular authority, but not with sacred authority

Question 4

The Renaissance of 12th century

Answer 4

• revival and rediscovery of antiquity
  
  • climate change as a good thing → much lower temps → good bc more land to be coltivated
    → more crops to grow
  • techno innovations → easier to harvest for example
  • population growth
  • growth of trade
  • rise of third estate → wealthy merchants, rich farmer → (upper) middle class
  • Roman law as inspo for law in Europe

Question 5

The Reconquista (11th century)

Answer 5

• charlamagne kicked muslims out of south france → went south and west word
  
  • Military opportunity, framented and indipendent, not uninated states → fighting and war, leadership of god in power center of Andalus → muslims took opportunity
  • christians felt in power → as choosen people from god → too cocky to fight muslims

Question 6

the reconquista (12 and 13th century)

Answer 6

• Al Andalus was besieged from 2 sides: Christian kingdom Aragon and Almohad Empire
  
  • Empire was overthrowing Almoravids
  • conquered southern Spain → new enemy of Christians
  • defeated by all the christens working together
  • Numerous christian victorious: pushed them back to south of spain

Question 7

first crusade

Answer 7

• shaped territories
  
  • 3 big powers in war
  • Council of Piacenza: imp people meeting, envcoices of Byzantine Empire → getting help for empire against turks → threat
  • pope called for crusades from christians
  • First crusade was a success → went to Constatinople → from there went togheter → captured Antioch and defeated turks
  • wanted to capture jerusalem
  • Crusaders states: states in hostile forces → military pressure on all sides from muslims → trying to kick out christians
  • states were captured back not that long after
  • Edessa and other state took states back → second crusade

Question 8

2nd, 3rd and 4th crusade

Answer 8

Second Crusade
* poor planning
* failure → encouraged Muslims and discouraged Christian

third Crusade
* goal: recapture jerusalem from Saladin
* moderate success in Tyre and Siege of Acrre
* Richard the Lion Heart vs Saladin
* Richard commanded respect and in battle → fought Saladin and won in Arsuf
* → stop march of saladin for a bit
* Richard returned to england → halted progress

orth crusade
* recapture jerusalem and defeat Ayyubids
* Byzantine prince wants to defeat emperor and win throne with help of crusader armies → promises manpower, church submission and fortune
* Success: Emperor Alexius IV → coup half a year later, was kicked out
* Byzantine Empire couldn’t give crusaders what they wanted → crusaders attacked Constinople → established Empire in Byanzine Empire
* kicked out Crusaders in 1261
* effects of event: Empire was poor and weak

Question 9

Saladin

Answer 9

Saladin
* leader of muslim powers in first crusade → 1st enemy of christians
* ruler of egypt → first Ayyubid dynasty
* 2 goals: reform Islam → sunni empire, wage jihad → take Jerusalem
* Battle of Hattin: crusaders got ass kicked → and took Jerusalem
* growth of his Empire

Question 10

Magna Carta

Answer 10

Magna Carta
* John (Richards brother) became officcial king → Philipp II confisacted French teffitories
* → John needed money to buy more merchenarys → taxed nobility heavly
* leads to battle Bouvines → John lost to nobility
* Baron rebellion: John forced to sign Magna Carta: went to pope to annulled magna carta → next rebellion: John died
* imp Human rights document
* limited power of king and established power of people
* king is not above the law and cannot do what he plaeses
* people should not be taxed without his consent etc.
* signicant influence on future laws, acts, rights and constitutions

Question 11

Rise of new Empires

Answer 11

Rise of new Empires
* Mongol empire (13th empire)
* Mamluk Sultanate (est 1291)→ ended crusaders states forever
* Ottoman empire → (est. 1299) end in 1922 → huge empire (eastern europe, north africa, middle east)