last section

Question 1

describe the mechanisms through which activation of prime movers is increased?

Answer 1

increased neural drive, increased motor unit firing, enhanced synchonization, increased excitability, down regulation of inhibitory pathways

Question 2

besides activation of prime movers describe 4 other neural adaptations?

Answer 2

improved coactivation of synergsits

Reduced antagonist, neuromuscular reflex, more ach and receptors

Question 3

what happens to protein synthesis duing exercise? what about after?

Answer 3

during exercise synthesis is decreased. after exercise synthesis increases

Question 4

testosterone’s role in hypertrophy?

Answer 4

facilitates hypertrophy

Question 5

when is growth hormone stimulated?

Answer 5

during cardio

Question 6

describe the nuclear domain theory?

Answer 6

satellite cells differentiate and new myonuclei form

Question 7

what fiber type transitions occur after resistance training?

Answer 7

IIX–> IIA

Question 8

what type of structural changes occur in response to resistance training?

Answer 8

Increase in SR, T-tubule density, sodium potassium activity, myofibrillar volume, fascicle length, angle of pennation, moment arm

Question 9

what happens to mitochondrial and capillary density in response to resistance training?

Answer 9

decreases

Question 10

three main affects of endurance training?

Answer 10

Increased Vo2max, lactate threshold, submaximal endurance capacity

Question 11

how does stroke volume adapt to aerobic training?

Answer 11

stroke volume will increase: Increased PV, ventricle size, more time to fill (low HR)

Question 12

why does heart rate decrease with training?

Answer 12

increased parasymp and decreased symp

Question 13

how does submax HR adapt to training?

Answer 13

will decrease, increased SV allows for a lower HR

Question 14

how will blood volume change?

Answer 14

total blood volume will increase, first round due to increase in plasma proteins second round due to increase in plasma protein synthesis

Question 15

how will pulmonary ventilation change?

Answer 15

will decrease at submax and increase at max

Question 16

why does pulmonary ventilation increase at max intensity?

Answer 16

increase in tidal volume(air moved) and rate

Question 17

how does pulmonary diffusion change?

Answer 17

it stays the same at rest and submax, but increases at max intensity

Question 18

through what mechanism does O2 difference increase in response to training?

Answer 18

increased o2 extraction for active muscles

Question 19

fiber transitions in response to aerobic?

Answer 19

IIx–> IIa and increased number of I

Question 20

which substrate is utilized more after adaptive training?

Answer 20

fat

Question 21

aerobic adaptation to lactate threshold?

Answer 21

you can go longer at higher intensity

Question 22

Vo2 max aerobic adaptations?

Answer 22

only maximal Vo2 max increases

Question 23

can performance increase after VO2 max plateu? why

Answer 23

yes because you can improve lactate threshold and movement economy

Question 24

what mechanism does heat get dissapated if air temp is greater than skin?

Answer 24

evaporation

Question 25

what kind of sensory receptors work to monitor body temp?

Answer 25

peripheral thermoreceptors on skin and central thermoreceptors in brain

Question 26

Through what pathways does the hypothalamus regulate temp?

Answer 26

SNS, eccrine sweat glands, skeletal muscle, endocrine gland

Question 27

limitations to exercising in the heat?

Answer 27

Cardiovascular function: blood flow is needed for active muscles and for cooling body
Critical temp theory: brain shuts down @40

Question 28

What is precooling and when is it necessary?

Answer 28

Cold water immersion to lower core body temp. may be beneficial for endurance

Question 29

when does sweating occur?

Answer 29

when temp> body temp. all other modes of heat loss would only lead to heat gain

Question 30

content of light sweating? heavy sweating?

Answer 30

light sweating is more diluted

Question 31

is sweating something that can adapt to training?

Answer 31

yes! through training you can decrease the amount of Na and Cl that are lost in sweat, mores sensitive to aldosterone

Question 32

how does sweat affect cardiac output

Answer 32

Decrease in blood volume will decrease plasma volume which will decrease cardiac output

Question 33

what is heat acclimation?

Answer 33

getting acclimated to hotter environments

Question 34

what is cold habituation

Answer 34

decreased response to the cold

Question 35

what is metabolic acclimation?

Answer 35

enhanced metabolic shivering and heat production

Question 36

what is insulative acclimation?

Answer 36

increases in metabolism arent preventing heat loss, so you resort to insulation

Question 37

what is windchill index?

Answer 37

cooling power of the wind

Question 38

what happens to convection as windchill increases?

Answer 38

increases

Question 39

physiological responses to the cold?

Answer 39

muscle function decreases, decreased fatty acid mobilization.

Question 40

affect of fatigue on exercise in the cold?

Answer 40

the more fatigued the less the body will produce heat to combate the cold

Question 41

affect of hypothermia on thermoregulators?

Answer 41

hypothalamus function will either decrease or be blunted

Question 42

Cardiorespiratory affects from the cold?

Answer 42

slows HR and may decrease ventilation