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ES380 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

oxygen delivery, carbon removal, hormone transport, temp and fluid regulation, acid-vbase balance, immune function

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2
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle

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3
Q

which of the myocardial muscles is the thickest?

A

left ventricle

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4
Q

What is myocardial infraction?

A

dysfunction of myocardium causing dilation

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5
Q

What is the plateau phase in cardiac muscle contraction

A

calcium entering calcium channels, receptors sense calcium and release more calcium, contraction occurs and then calcium returns to the SR

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6
Q

What is the main intrinsic controls of the heart?

A

spontaneous rhythmicity, sinotrial node contraction

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7
Q

describe process of heart contracting?

A

sinoatrial node contracts by spontaneously depolarization, impulse travels to atrioventricular node, bundle braches in node send impulse to purkinje fibers inventricles,

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8
Q

which part of heart conduction is the fastest?

A

ventricular contraction

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9
Q

Main extrinisic controllers of the heart?

A

parasympathetic vagus nerve, sympathetic, endocine

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10
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped in one heart beat

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11
Q

stroke volume equation?

A

EDV ESV

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12
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

% of blood pumped / total blood in ventricle

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13
Q

what is afterload?

A

resistance the ejected blood has to overcome

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14
Q

what is cardiac ouput? equation?

A

amount of blood pumped/min

HR xSV

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15
Q

Intrinisc influences on heart?

A

frank-starling mechanism, afterload, heart rate

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16
Q

what is blood flow?

A

pressure gradient/resistance

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17
Q

Intrinsic control of blood flow?

A

metabolic: as oxygen uptake increases, dilation
Endothelial: dilation
Pressure changes: contract to increased pressure

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18
Q

what is vasomotor tone?

A

chronic constriction of veins

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19
Q

What happens to blood flow if SNS is activated in an area?

A

Constriction will occur forcing blood to go else where

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20
Q

how does body overcome increased pressure –> increased blood flow–> constriction?

A

Functional sympatholysis makes it harder for cells to contrict, compensatory vasodilation: skeletal muscles will dilate, redundancy

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21
Q

venous return =cardiac output

A

venous return is the amount of blood being pumped back to heart, which is the amount of blood pumped/min

22
Q

what mechanisms help venous return?

A

one-way valves, muscle and respiratory pump, venoconstriction

23
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

Volume of RBC/ volume of blood

24
Q

during endurance training what happens to hematocrit?

A

decreases bc training causes blood volume to increase faster than RBC increase

25
Q

Define hyperpnea?

A

ventilation increases proportionally in response to metabolism increases

26
Q

what is perfusion?

A

movement of blood through an organ

27
Q

how does air flow?

A

due to a difference in pressures from mouth to end pleural cavity

28
Q

Describe the elastic element?

A

the more pressure, the more work needed (ballon

29
Q

what is the flow volume loop?

A

inspiratory/expiratory v.s volume change

30
Q

movement of diaphram during inspiration?

A

diaphram contracts, allowing more space inside the lungs, this decreases pressure inside attracting ait

31
Q

movement of diaphram during expiration?

A

diaphram relaxes, lung volume decreases passively pushing air out

32
Q

what controls ventilation?

A

CNS feedforward and feedback mechanism

33
Q

ventilatory response to exercise?

A

ventilation increases to steady state, increases in proportion to intensity

34
Q

how do pulmonary stretch receptors provide input to hyperpnea?

A

stretch receptors send input along vagal nerve to control center

35
Q

how do chemicalreceptors provide input to hyperpnea?

A

provide info about substances to control center

36
Q

how do higher brain centers provide input to hyperpnea?

A

cortex sends info to control center through feedforward mechanism

37
Q

what is the function of pulmonary circulation?

A

transport venous blood through capillaries, carrying oxygen and carbon

38
Q

how is pulmonary system unique?

A

has short, thin, dispensible vessels, low pressure system, while resting onlu 25% of it is working to supply oxygen to organs

39
Q

Reactions of the pulmonary system to increased cardiac output?

A

75% of bed will be activated, 25% that is always activated will dilate more and superactivate

40
Q

how does pulmonary vascular resistance change during exercise?

A

resistance decreases from 2 to 1

41
Q

how is oxygen transported?

A

in solution and in hemoglobin

42
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported?

A

in solution, with hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate

43
Q

how does the hearts blood flow change in response to exercise?

A

it get better at increasing blood flow to the muscle

44
Q

what is ficks principe?

A

measures the amount of substance taken up by an organ. arterial concentration-venous concentraion x blood flow

45
Q

difference between arterial blood and venous blood

A

arterial blood is rich in oxygen and is headed to organs, venous blood is rich in carbon and is headed back to the heart

46
Q

what is the biggest affect of training on heart?

A

stroke volume increases, which has the biggest effect on vo2 max

47
Q

limiting factor for Vo2max?

A

Cardiac output max

48
Q

what is cardiovascular drift?

A

Increase in heart rate 30 minutes into high intensity exericse due to a decrase in stroke volume associated with temp and dehydration increases

49
Q

how can you prevent cardiovascular drift?

A

hydrate

50
Q

what does upright exercise do to plasma volume?

A

decreases it

51
Q

what does decreased plasma volume do?

A

thicker viscosity, reduced blood flow, increased hr, increased perceived challenge

52
Q

what is hemoconcentration?

A

increase in substances in blood, decreases plasma volume, increases oxygen being carried

ES380 (7 decks)

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