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ES380 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the order of a muscle cell starting with muscle fascicle.

A

muscle fascicle –> muscle fiber –> myofibril –> sacromeres –> actin/myosin

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2
Q

How does a muscle fiber diameter affect force?

A

the larger the diameter, the larger the force

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3
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle size

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4
Q

define hyperplasia

A

cell splitting into two cells (increase in number)

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5
Q

What are intermediate proteins?

A

they are helper proteins

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6
Q

Order the different muscle compartments, mysium. largest–> smallest

A

epimysium, perimysion, endomysium

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7
Q

other name for thick and thin filament?

A

myosin, actin

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8
Q

Calcium released from AP will bind to troponin and pull

A

true

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9
Q

Role of titin?

A

“sticky spring”, thought to be used for support

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10
Q

Describe process of translation and transcription.

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus, the RNA is the brought into cytoplasm, ribsomes can then translate it into usable protein

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11
Q

where is a satellite cell located?

A

between plasmalemma and basement membrane

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12
Q

Function of satellite cells?

A

involved in the growth and development of skeletal muscles

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13
Q

when are satellite cells usually activated?

A

in reponse to training or injury

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14
Q

what happens when a satellite cell divides?

A

splits into a mature muscle cell and a satellite cell that replaces the old one

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15
Q

Describe the ER and ribsomones of a muscle cell

A

poorly developed ER bc it keeps the protein for itself, a lot of ribosome

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16
Q

T/F muscle cell requires large activation to create protein

A

False, very sensitve to movement

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17
Q

Explain sliding filament theory?

A

myosin has two binding sites for ATP and actin
calcium is released from the SR, binds to troponin, tropomyosin is removed from actin
myosin binds to actin. Myosin released ATP and grabs actin, pulls disks closer together

18
Q

describe relaxation after filament theory?

A

requires energy, myosin releases actin, ATP hydrolyzed and myosin resets. Calcium is removed from sarcomplasm by SERCA

19
Q

how long is a single contraction period? how much of that is needed for activation v.s actual movement?

A

100 msec. 5 msec needed for activation. 95 needed for movement

20
Q

Describe the three phases of a twitch?

A

Latent period is when the signal is released, action potential is generated, calcium released, troponin/ tropomyiosin action
Contraction is the generation of tension and formation of cross-bridges
Relaxation is when the muscle returns to its normal length

21
Q

define temporal summation?

A

potentials come in at different times but for the same location

22
Q

what happens to calium exposure during temporal summation?

A

increase in exposure causing more force

23
Q

Phases of temporal summation?

A

twitch. unfused tetanus. fused tetanus. fatigue

24
Q

what is a twitch?

A

smallest contractile respone of a muscle fiber to a stimulus

25
Q

Motor units vary is force depending on frequency. T/F

A

true

26
Q

what is tentanus?

A

peak force

27
Q

what is rate coding?

A

the rate at which a motor unit is firing. determining the force being created

28
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

signals coming from different locations at the same time

29
Q

T/F units are recruited from large to small

A

false, small units will be recruited first

30
Q

what is the main difference in force generation between untrained and trained individuals

A

untrained individuals rely on spatial summation for force generation. Trained individuals rely on both spatial summation and rate coding

31
Q

what does it mean to be an optimal sacromere length?

A

length that has the best overlap of thick and thin filaments. bodys natural resting length maximizes ability to generate force

32
Q

What is the optimal sacromere length range?

A

2.0-2.25 micrometers

33
Q

What does the force-velocity relationship measure?

A

affect of speed on force applied

34
Q

with a concentric contraction what happens to force when speed increases? eccentrically?

A

decrease, increases

35
Q

why does the force-velocity relationship occur?

A

with a slower contraction speed, there is more time for cross- bridge formation

36
Q

significance of length tension- velocity

A

at high velocity, little force is developed regardless of length. at low velocity force is developed related to length

37
Q

how many forms does muscle fiber come in?

A

1 slow form, 3 fast form (IIA,X,B)

38
Q

rank the fiber forms from fastest to slowest

A

IIB –> IIX –> IIA –> Ib

39
Q

what are IIAX fibers?

A

display IIA in trained individuals and IIX in untrained.

40
Q

is a IIX a fit or non-fit fiber?

A

non-fit

41
Q

why does Rhabdomyolysis occur?

A

after intense physical activity the skeletal muscle will break down causing a loss of myoglobin and cellular contents in urine

ES380 (7 decks)

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