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Bio 206 > Last part of 206 > Flashcards

Last part of 206 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Species

A

Smallest evolutionarily independent unit

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2
Q

3 parts of speciation

A
  • Reduced gene flow
  • Genetic divergence
  • Reproductive isolation
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3
Q

3 parts of reduced gene flow

A
  • Physical (geographic/allopatric)
  • ecological
  • sexual
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4
Q

2 parts of physical isolation

A
  • vicariance

- dispersal

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5
Q

2 parts of genetic divergence

A
  • genetic drift

- adaptation to different habitats/resources

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6
Q

3 parts of reproductive isolation

A
  • incidental genetic incompatibilities
  • reinforcement
  • sexual selection
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7
Q

Vicariance

A
  • splitting event
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8
Q

Dispersal

A
  • rare

- due to natural events like storms

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9
Q

Ecological isolation

A
  • breeding habitat, time, behaviour, morphology (ex stickleback)
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10
Q

Sexual selection reduces gene flow if

A
  • linkage between sexually selected trait and the preference for the trait
  • variation for either the trait or the preference
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11
Q

Genetic divergence

A
  • Bottleneck or founder effect, needs super strong drift

- low genetic variation

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12
Q

Ecological speciation

A

adaptation to diff habitats/environments

parallel adaptation in marine and freshwater sticklebacks

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13
Q

Reproductive isolation 2 times

A

Prezygotic

Postzygotic

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14
Q

Incidental genetic incompatibilities due to drift or selection

A

Alleles don’t work together (Bateson dobzhansky-muller)

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

Selection against offspring of mixed matings

Basically postzygotic incompatibilities unknown to the animal so selection forms exaggerated differences

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16
Q

What is needed for pops to diverge with gene flow

A

selection needs to be higher than migration

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17
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

In 1 area

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18
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

adjacent areas

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19
Q

Hybridization

A

breeding between individuals from genetically different populations or species

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20
Q

Introgression

A

Transfer of genetic material between individuals from genetically different populations or species facilitated by hybridization

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21
Q

Hybrid fitness increase intrinsic causes

A
  • masking of deleterious recessive alleles

- Increase in heterozygote advantage

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22
Q

Hybrid fitness increase extrinsic cause

A
  • introduction of new adaptations
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23
Q

Hybrid fitness decrease intrinsic causes

A
  • chromosomal incompatibilities

- loss of coadapted gene complexes

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24
Q

Hybrid fitness decrease extrinsic cause

A
  • loss of local adaptations (goats that died)
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25
Q

Hybrid low fitness

A

Reinforcement - finalization of reproductive isolation

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26
Q

Hybrid reproductively isolated from parent species

A
  • polyploid hybrid speciation (ploidy increased, in plants lots)
  • homoploid hybrid speciation (ploidy doesn’t change. lonely finch with lots of inbreeding)
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27
Q

Hybrid and offspring and grand-offspring high fitness (heterosis)

A

Reverse speciation/adaptive introgression (mallard duck with grey duck/insecticide resistance in mosquitoes)

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28
Q

Hybrid has high fitness in hybrid zone

A

Stable hybrid zone

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29
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

rapid proliferation of new species from single ancestral species
sympatric

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30
Q

Darwin finches speciation type

A

Allopatric? evolved on separate islands and spread
Sympatric? In parallel within each island
3 Species with alot of admixture
Due to beak

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31
Q

Tapirus distribution

A

weird

originated in western asia and then spread everywhere else

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32
Q

Biogeography

A

study of where organisms live and how they got there

33
Q

phylogeography

A

study of geographic distribution of evolutionary lineages, use of evolutionary trees to answer questions about distribution of organisms

34
Q

Why are they where they are

A

Speciation in situ (vicariance)

Dispersal

35
Q

Why are they not where theyre not

A

Range limited by barriers to dispersal, fundamental ecological niche, biotic interactions

36
Q

5 effects of climate change

A
  • distribution shift
  • declining habitat size
  • dispersal barrier
  • limited dispersal ability
  • range expansion (rare)
37
Q

Prevents fundamental niches from expanding through adaptation (stasis promotion)

A
  • Migrational load/gene swamping/ maladaptive introgression
  • genetic variation
  • genomic/developmental constraints
38
Q

Where species diversity is high

A

at low altitudes
areas of high primary productivity
areas with moderate disturbance rate
larger islands and continents

39
Q

phyletic gradualism

A

morphological evolution is gradual and unrelated to speciation

40
Q

Saltation

A

sudden changes in morphology

41
Q

Stasis

A

no changes

42
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

long stasis and quick saltation together

43
Q

causes of punctuated equilibrium 3

A
  • artifact of fossil record
  • extreme pattern resulting from random processes
  • macroevolution involves species selection
44
Q

fossil record to demonstrate punctuated equilibrium needs

A
  • species and phylogony defined independently of morphology

- dense sampling from many locations

45
Q

What causes stasis

A
  • kind of stabilizing selection/niche conservation

- definitely genomic and development constraints

46
Q

what causes saltation

A

ecological release and evolutionary innovation

47
Q

3 ways evolutionary innovations arise

A
  • modularity
  • specialization
  • co-option (exaptation)
48
Q

Modularity

A
  • made of modules
  • key innovations arise in changes of modules in number or use
  • Heterochrony
  • Heterotopy
  • allometry
49
Q

Heterochrony

A

changes in timing of development

50
Q

Heterotopy

A

Changes in spatial relationships among part

51
Q

allometry

A

changes in growth rates of parts

52
Q

specialization

A

willinston’s law

against redundance

53
Q

willinston’s law

A

parts in organism tend toward reduction in number with fewer parts very specialized

54
Q

co-option

A

modification of existing protein/structure/behaviour for a new function

55
Q

hox genes (homeotic)

A

set up segments with developmental fates

serial expressions

56
Q

Hox genes duplications

A

1 st made chordates and 2nd made vertebrates

57
Q

Complex systems evolved

A

bringing different regulatory genes and their networks together to not have just 5% of a structure

58
Q

Spinnerets are what

A

serial homologs of pedipalps and limbs

59
Q

How different are humans and chimps

A

1% genetic divergence

60
Q

3 hypotheses of humans arising

A

african replacement
multiregional evolution
hybridization and assimilation (this one)

61
Q

Can selection explain deviant social behaviour

A

yes. Evolutionary psychiatry like risk of parental homicide is higher for stepchildren

62
Q

Why do genetic diseases exist and persist

A
  • mutation
  • founder effects
  • heterozygote advantage
  • linkage
  • adaptational lags
63
Q

Is selection being eliminated by human ingenuity

A
  • niche reconstruction
  • memes
  • coltural change
64
Q

cultural change is like natural selection

A
  1. individuals vary
  2. variation is transmitted among individuals
  3. some variants are more successful than others
65
Q

Because mutation rate is high and generation time is low

A

biological evolution is lagging behind many aspects of cultural evolution leading to diseases of civilization
adaptational lag is partially mitigated but also exacerbated

66
Q

Primary goal of conservation

A

maintenance of potential for pops to adapt, evolve and form new species

67
Q

genetic problems in conservation management involve

A

careful delineation of genetic population units
conservation breeding programs
restoring natural gene flow

68
Q

careful delineation of genetic pop units

A

cryptic species, evolutionarily significant units, management units

69
Q

cryptic

A

look the same but they’re different

70
Q

evolutionarily sig units

A

genetically isolated pops

71
Q

management units

A

diff birth or death rates, different threats

72
Q

conservation breeding programs

A

germ plasm banking
captive breeding
in situ breeding management

73
Q

restoring natural gene flow

A

habitat corridors
translocating individuals/ seeds
eliminating alien species

74
Q

Genetics help understand

A

ecology, monitoring populations, law enforcement

75
Q

population decline genetic results

A

non random mating

loss of adaptive potential

76
Q

nonrandom mating

A

inbreeding depression

hybridization inihiliation

77
Q

loss of adaptive potential due to

A

loss of genetic additive variation

increase in genetic drift

78
Q

habitat degradation has 3 responses

A

phenotypic plasticity
migration
genetic adaptations

Bio 206 (12 decks)

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