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Comps > Last Minute Stuff > Flashcards

Last Minute Stuff Flashcards

1
Q
  • [ ] Correlation coefficient
A

A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of some type of correlation, meaning a statistical relationship between two variables.

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2
Q
  • [ ] Barnum effect
A

the tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless.

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3
Q
  • [ ] Constructivist viewpoint
A

involve an exploration of the meaning people assign to experiences,

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4
Q
  • [ ] OARS core skills
A

Open-ended questions, Affirming, Reflective listening, and Summarizing.

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5
Q
  • [ ] Situational vs dispositional attribution
A

dispositional attribution infers a person’s behavior is due to an internal cause such as a personality trait, some motive, or other lasting characteristics of that individual.

situational attribution which means the influencing of behavior results from some external event or environmental factor beyond the person’s control, rather than some long-lasting disposition of the individual.

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6
Q
  • [ ] Downward arrow technique
A

The downward arrow is a way of working through our automatic thoughts to find the irrational beliefs or schemas at the base of them.

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7
Q
  • [ ] Classical versus operant conditioning
A

classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus

operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence

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8
Q
  • [ ] Teleological approach
A

Teleological theories give priority to the good over the right, and they evaluate actions by the goal or consequences that they achieve.

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9
Q
  • [ ] Ericksons eight psychosocial stages
A
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10
Q
  • [ ] Ericksons eight psychosocial stages
A
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11
Q
  • [ ] Piaget‘s four stages of cognitive development
A
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12
Q

Piaget schemas

A

Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.

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13
Q

Piaget - [ ] Assimilation and accommodation

A

Assimilation: Attempting to interpret new information within the framework of existing knowledge. Accommodation: Making small changes to that knowledge in order to cope with things that don’t fit those existing frameworks.

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14
Q

Piaget - [ ] Centration

A

Centration is the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others. An example of centration is a child focusing on the number of pieces of cake that each person has, regardless of the size of the pieces.

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15
Q

Robert Kegan’s theory of adult development

A

describes five stages of development including 1) Impulsive Mind, 2) Instrumental Mind, 3) Socialized Mind, 4) Self-Authoring Mind, and 5) Self-Transforming Mind.

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16
Q
  • [ ] Lawrence Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development
A
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17
Q
  • [ ] Lawrence Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development
A
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18
Q

Carol Gilligan theory and a womens sense of self

A

Rather than accepting the idea that women may possess inferior understanding of morality compared to men, Gilligan suggested that women can create their own sense of morality using a different form of measurement than men. This measurement, in her opinion, might be focused on relationships, connection and care

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19
Q

stages of Levinson’s theory

A

These stages include Early Adult Transition (age 17-22), Entering the Adult World (22-28), Age 30 Transition (28-33), Settling Down (33-40), Mid-Life Transition (40-45), Entering Middle Adulthood (45-50), and Late Adulthood (60+).

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20
Q
  • [ ] Freeud‘s psychoanalytic, five psychosexual stages
A

Oral stage: Between infancy and two years old.
Anal stage: Between 15 months and three years old.
Phallic stage: Between three and six years old.
Latency stage: Between six years old and puberty.
Genital stage: Between puberty and death.

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21
Q
  • [ ] William Perrys stages of intellectual and ethical development
A
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22
Q
  • [ ] James W Fowler pre-stage plus 6 stage theory of faith and spiritual development
A
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23
Q
  • [ ] Emic versus etic
A

etic approach looks at behaviour from the outside of a given culture, and attempts to find trends that can be generalised, universal behaviours.

emic approach functions within certain cultures, aiming to identify behaviours relative to to that culture.

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24
Q
  • [ ] Autoplastic-alloplastic dilemma
A

Autoplastic adaptation helps the client adapt to a given situation and context.

the alloplastic adaptation encourages the client to shape and change the situation and context.

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25
Q
  • [ ] Paralanguage
A

the nonlexical component of communication by speech, for example intonation, pitch and speed of speaking, hesitation noises, gesture, and facial expression.

26
Q

A means test

A

A means test determines if a person or household is eligible to receive some sort of benefit or payment

27
Q
  • [ ] Proxemics/spatial relations
A

Proxemics is all about how non-verbal communication is affected by distance. These kinds of spatial relationships involve what we now call our ‘comfort zones’.

28
Q

Social comparison theory (SCT) is

A

a theory that explains the reasons, as well as the processes, behind the idea that people evaluate their own opinions, values, achievements, and abilities by comparison respectively with the opinions, values, achievements, and abilities of others.

29
Q
  • [ ] Anglo conformity
A

Anglo-conformity, or Americanization, describes assimilation in the Unites States as a coercive and one-sided process that was designed to maintain the predominance of the English language and the British-type institutional patters created during the early years of American society

30
Q
  • [ ] Five stages Atkins, Morten and Sue’s racial cultural identity development model
A
31
Q
  • [x] Five stages Atkins, Morten and Sue’s racial cultural identity development model
A
32
Q
  • [ ] Robert cave experiment
A

showed that hostility can arise between two groups in conflict and competition for scarce resources.

33
Q

Asch experiment

A

The experiments revealed the degree to which a person’s own opinions are influenced by those of a group. Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.

34
Q
  • [ ] Abreaction
A

the expression and consequent release of a previously repressed emotion, achieved through reliving the experience that caused it (typically through hypnosis or suggestion).

35
Q
  • [ ] Eros and Thanatos
A

Eros is the drive of life, love, creativity, and sexuality, self-satisfaction, and species preservation. Thanatos, from the Greek word for “death” is the drive of aggression, sadism, destruction, violence, and death.

36
Q
  • [ ] Animus vs anima
A

Anima names the feminine unconscious factor in a man

animus applies to the corresponding masculine factor in a woman’s unconscious.

37
Q
  • [ ] schedules of reinforcement
A
38
Q
  • [x] Shaping with successive approximations
A

behaviors that are closer and closer to a target behavior are progressively rewarded with positive reinforcement.

39
Q
  • [ ] Implosive therapy
A

a behavioral therapy technique which involves massive exposure of patients to extremely aversive or repulsive stimuli in imaginal form.

40
Q
  • [ ] ABCDE model of personality
A

Activating event or situation, Beliefs, Consequences, Disputation of the beliefs and Effective new approach to dealing with the problem.

41
Q

Transactional analysis

A

Transactional analysis is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy wherein social interactions are analyzed to determine the ego state of the communicator as a basis for understanding behavior. In transactional analysis, the communicator is taught to alter the ego state as a way to solve emotional problems.

42
Q
  • [ ] Tom Harris’s life positions
A
43
Q
  • [ ] WDEP in reality therapy
A

wants, doing, evaluation, and planning

44
Q
  • [ ] Androcentric
A

focused or centered on men.

45
Q
  • [ ] First order changed and second order change in family therapy
A

First-order changes can create a temporary shift in systemic dynamics that can set the stage for more sustainable second-order changes. Second-order changes involve not just changes in behavior, but changes (or “violations”) of the rules of the system itself.

46
Q
  • [ ] Fusion in family therapy
A

Emotional fusion is defined as the emotional oneness or ‘stuck togetherness’ between family members.

47
Q

Differentiation in family therapy

A

Differentiation is the process of freeing yourself from your family’s processes to define yourself. This means being able to have different opinions and values than your family members, but being able to stay emotionally connected to them.

48
Q

Structural family therapy

A

Structural family therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on the interactions between family members.

49
Q

double bind communication

A

A double bind is a dilemma in communication in which an individual receives two or more reciprocally conflicting messages.

50
Q

Strategic Family Therapy

A

Strategic Family Therapy is a direct and brief approach to solving problems within the unit, such as hierarchies, coalitions, and communication systems.

51
Q
  • [ ] MRI model in strategic family counseling
A

The Mental Research Institute’s brief therapy model is based on the belief that problems develop from, and are maintained by, the way that normal life difficulties are perceived and handled

52
Q

risky shift

A

In psychology, the risky shift effect entails persons altering their decision-making processes to more extreme choices while a part of a group. Risky shift is a type of group polarization

53
Q
  • [ ] Trait factor theory
A

The Trait and Factor Theory (Parsons, 1909) is focused on identifying the characteristics of the individual (i.e., traits) and the environment or job requirements (i.e., factors) so job seekers can find a career that closely aligned with their personal characteristics

54
Q

The recency effect

A

The recency effect is a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first.

55
Q

Quality circles

A

are groups of employees who regularly meet with the aim to solve problems, improve the quality control of products and facilitate high standards in the workplace.

56
Q

Contrast effect

A

is an unconscious bias that happens when two things are judged in comparison to one another, instead of being assessed individually. Our perception is altered once we start to compare things to one another. We tend to judge them relative to each other rather than on their own merit.

57
Q
  • [ ] Validity and reliability
A

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions). Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure).

58
Q

A t-score

A

(a.k.a. a t-value) is equivalent to the number of standard deviations away from the mean of the t-distribution

59
Q

Z, score

A

A Z-Score is a statistical measurement of a score’s relationship to the mean in a group of scores.

60
Q

percentile

A

A percentile is a comparison score between a particular score and the scores of the rest of a group. It shows the percentage of scores that a particular score surpassed. For example, if you score 75 points on a test, and are ranked in the 85 th percentile, it means that the score 75 is higher than 85% of the scores.

61
Q

Stanine

A

Stanine is a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.

Comps (10 decks)

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