Counceling And Helping Relationships Flashcards
1
Q
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment, and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexuality), help form the personality. Blank and blank, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology, an analytical psychology, respectively. 
A
Alfred Adler and Carl Jung
2
Q
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis, possess three Ego states: the child, the adult and the parent. These roughly correspond to Freud structural theory that include. 
A
Ed, ego and super ego 
3
Q
In transactional analysis, , the blank is the conscious, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while Freudian theory is the blank 
A
Parent, super ego 
4
Q
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the super ego. This is accomplished by blank
A
Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex 
5
Q
Freudians refer to the ego as 
A
The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle 
6
Q
Freud‘s theory speaks to Eros and Theranos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by. 
A
Theranos 
7
Q
The id is present at birth, and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs, according to the 
A
Pleasure principle, suggesting humans, desire, instant gratification, such as libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst 
8
Q
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or bouncing apparatus would be the
A
Ego 
9
Q
A therapist who says a patient. “say whatever comes to mine” is practicing. 
A
Free association 
10
Q
The super ego contains the ego ideal. The super ego strives for blank, rather than blank like the id. 
A
Perfection: pleasure 
11
Q
All of these theorist could be associated with analytical movements, except 
A
Wolpe
12
Q
Most scholars would assert that Freud 1900 work in titled the interpretation of dreams was his most influential. Dreams have… 
A
Manifest and latent content 
13
Q
When a client projects, unconscious feelings towards the therapist, that he, or she originally had towards as a navigate other, it is called 
A
Transference 
14
Q
Which case is not associated with psychodynamic movement? 
A
Little Albert 
15
Q
In contrast with classical analysis, psychodynamic counseling, or therapy 
A
Utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch, is performed face-to-face 
16
Q
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as 
A
Catharsis and or abreaction 
17
Q
It, super ego, ego, is to social theory, as blank is to topographicall theory 
A
Unconscious, pre-conscious, conscious 
18
Q
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is 
A
The Oedipus complex 
19
Q
Evidence from the unconscious mind comes from all of these, except 
A
Subjective units of distress scale 
20
Q
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired, three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and 1 1/2 minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange was most likely is striated the function of. 
A
Pre-conscious mind 
21
Q
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the cell from severe it, or super ego demand, called

A
Ego defense mechanisms 
22
Q
Most therapist agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious or deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction, formation, identification, interjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanism. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is.
A
Repression 
23
Q
Suppression differs from oppression in that 
A
Repression is automatic or involuntary 
24
Q
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer, because here she is sadistic is displaying 
A
Supplementation 
25
And advertising agency secretly embeds the word sex into newspaper ads, intended to advertise the centers chemical dependency program. This is a practice of. 
None of the above 
26
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting one dollar raise. He is furious, but nonassertive. He the smiles and thinks his boss. That night, he yells at his wife, for no apparent reason. This example of.
Displacement 
27
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of F in physics education that marred his four year perfect four point average in as much as straight A’s students are eggheads. This demonstrates. 
Sour grapes, rationalization 
28
A masters level, counselor lands in entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air condition, but the counselor and says she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight and check. This illuminates.
Sweet lemon rationalization 
29
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match, broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition, which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by. 
Denial 
30
Blank is like looking in a mirror, but thinking you are looking out a window 
Projection 
31
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so he can view the material. This is. 
Reaction formation 
32
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is 
Compensation 
33
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency, and spent every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I am the president of the board for the homeless shelter“ Jane is engaging in.
Identification 
34
A client who has incorporated his fathers values into his thought patterns is a product of. 
Introjection 
35
The clients tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as 
Resistance 
36
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that… 
Many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific point 
37
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to 
Make the clients aware of their unconscious process 
38
Oregon inferiority relates, mainly to the work of
Sigmund Freud, psychoanalytic theory 
39
Recline becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as 
Insight 
40
Carl Young, the founder of analytical psychology, said men operate on logic or the blank principle, while women are intuitive operating on the blank principle 
Logos and Eros
41
Young used drawings balanced around a centerpoint to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
Mandalas 
42
Blank emphasize the drive for superiority 
Adler
43
The statement “siblings interact may have more impact than parent – child interactions“ describes 
Adlerian theory 
44
In contrast with Freud, the neo Freudian emphasized 
Social factors

45
The terms introversion and extraversion are associated with 
Jung
46
The personality types of Myers-Briggs type indicator are associated with the work of 
Jung
47
Adler emphasize that people wish to belong. This is known as. 
Social connectedness

48
Adler was one of the first therapist who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program), who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake, and embarrass himself would be instructed to. 
Exaggerates the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class 
49
Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side, known as blank and women to deny their masculine side known as blank 
Anima and animus
50
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation is known as. 
Archetypes 
51
Common archetypes include 
The persona, the shadow, and the animus, anima, and self 
52
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling, but says she’s very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out, the counselors, verbal response is known as. 
Confrontation
53
During a professional staff meeting, counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a six year old boy from sucking his thumb, he will begin biting his nails or shuttering. The counselor… 
Is most likely an analytical train counselor concerned with symptoms substitution 
54
An eclectic counselor… 
Attempts to choose the best era called program based on the clients attributes, resources, and situation.
55
The word eclectic is most closely associated with 
Friedrich C Thorne 
56
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his, or her session is the victim of 
Counter transference 
57
Lifestyle, birth order, and family consultation are emphasized by 
Adler 
58
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative, but display leadership qualities is most likely… 
An Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in social context; never in isolation 
59
Existentialism is to logotherapy as blank is to behaviorism 
Skinner
60
BF Skinners reinforcement theory elaborated on 
Edward thorndikes law of effect
61
Classical conditioning relates to the work of 
Ivan Pavlov 
62
An association that naturally exist, such as animal salivating when food is presented is called

Unconditioned stimulus 
63
Skinners operant conditioning is referred to as 
Instrumental learning 
64
Respondent behavior refers to 
Reflexes 
65
All reinforcers 
Tend to increase probability that a behavior will occur 
66
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive/negative stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and. 
It’s not the same thing as punishment
67
Punishment
Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur 
68
In Palos famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the blank in the meat was the blank 
CS, UCS
69
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US 
Is .5 or a half second 
70
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (meat) before the CS (bell). This usually result in. 
No conditioning 
71
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy whore and using Pavlos classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and Hauck to his horn. Much to the surprise of the students, the poodles elicited a salvation response. What had happened.? 
Stimulus generalization, or what Pavla termed irradiation 
72
The department chairman found the poodles response to his automobile horn humerus. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy though. Indeed, the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle is now demonstrating 
Stimulus discrimination 
73
The department chair was further amused by the poodles tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another. He just told the students to teach the dog to drool only to the horn of his Ford but not to the one of the graduate students Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful, and as much as the dog merely took to every loud sound barking. In this case… 
Experimental neurosis set in 
74
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to draw to a bell paired with a fast food cheeseburger. The researcher, then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog a cheeseburger. This is known as. 
Extinction, and the drooling will disappear 
75
John B Watson name is associated with 
Little Albert 
76
During a family counseling session, six-year-old girl, repeatedly sticks, her tongue out at the counselor, who, obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing. 
Extinction 
77
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on blank while behavior therapy emphasizes blank
Instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning, and Skinners principle; Pavlos principles 
78
Behaviorist counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished…
By charting the occurrences of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention 
79
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic  processes, were conducted by 
Neil Miller 
80
The significance  of the little Albert experience by John B Watson, and Rosalie Rayner was that 
A phobia could be learned behavior 
81
John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cöver Jones is to 
Cure 
82
In the famous little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless, white, furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate. 
Stimulus generalization 
83
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology, technically basis his or her treatment on 
Freud’s topographic hypothesis
84
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means 
A treatment model 
85
A man says “my life has been lousy for the past six months“. The counselor replies, “can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for you the last six months?“ The counselor is… 
Using concreteness
86
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice, relaxing his jaw muscles for three minutes per day. The counselor here is… 
A directive 
87
Blank is a biofeedback device 
A bathroom scale 
88
Johnny just loves M&Ms, but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor that’s instruct Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of. 
Positive reinforcement 
89
Genuineness, or congruence, is really… 
The counselors ability to be him or herself 
90
Empathy is 
The ability to understand the clients world, and to communicate this to the client 
91
When someone is added following and operant, it is known as blank, and when something is taken away, it is called a blank 
Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer 
92
After a dog is conditioned, using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, Eliete is paired with the bell ( the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit does drooling. This is called. 
Higher order conditioning 
93
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize… 
A temperature trainer 
94
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experience panic attacks when she would text her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback, and this would rely on. 
EMG feedback 
95
According to the Permack principle, efficient, reinforcer is what the client, himself or herself likes to do. Thus in this procedure… 
A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior 
96
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize
EEG feedback 
97
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as…
Continuous reinforcement 
98
The two basic classes of intermittent, reinforcement schedules are blank, and based on the number of responses that the blank, based on the time lapse. 
Ratio and interval 
99
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the 
Variable ratio
100
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When, using his technique, the acronym, SUDS stands for…. 
Subjective units of disturbance scale 
101
A stimulus, which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as… 
Secondary reinforcement 
102
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is… 
A back up reinforcer 
103
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called… 
Aversive conditioning 
104
A counselor decides to treat a client’s phobia of flying utilizing wolpes technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be. 
Imagining that she is called the airplanes for reservations 
105
A counselor utilizes role-playing, combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as… 
Behavioral rehearsal 
106
Systematic desensitization consist of three orderly steps: 
Relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization 
107
Blank is behavioral sex therapy 
Sensate focus 
108
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating, a high calorie, high fat meal. The client then imagines the pleasant scene in which she is eating is desirable. This technique is called… 
Covert sensitization 
109
One distinction between flooding, (also known as deliberate exposure with response prevention in recent literature), and implosive therapy is that… 
Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination 
110
Behavioral therapist often shy away from punishment because… 
The effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression 
111
A neophyte counselor discovers that her client invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that… 
The counselor is utilizing too many close ended questions 
112
A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor response, “oh you poor dear. That is terrible! How can you go on living?“ There’s an example of… 
Sympathy 
113
A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He just keeps repeating the client statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as… 
Parroting  and is not recommended 
114
Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means… 
Healing through meaning 
115
All of these philosophers are existentialist, except 
Plato and Epictetus 
116
Although behavior therapy reports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the ground that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy on the other hand has been criticized for… 
Being too vague regarding techniques and procedures 
117
Existentialist focus primarily on… 
The clients perception in the here and now 
118
Existential counselors as well as person centered counselors adhere to what Martin Bubber called the I-thou relationship, which is search that… 
The relationship is horizontal 
119
Frankel is an existentialist. So are… 
Yalom and may
120
Existential speak of three worlds, the
Unwelt or the blank world, the midwelt or the blank world, and the wife welt or the blank world.

Physical; relationship; identity 
121
Frankel experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him… 
That you cannot control the environment, but you can control your response. 
122
Existential counselors emphasize the client…
Free choice, decision and well. 
123
Existential, theorist speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client enter personal experiences of events, and ontology which is… 
The philosophy of being and existing 
124
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to… 
Reality therapy 
125
Reality therapy has incorporated .… 
Control theory, later referred to as  choice theory 
126
All of these statements regarding reality, therapy are true, except: 
The clients childhood is explored 
127
A counselor, who repeats what a client has stated in the counselors own words is using… 
Paraphrasing 
128
Most experts would agree that blank is most threatening for clients as well as counselors. 
Silence 
129
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on… 
Successful behaviors 
130
Glasser position on mental illness is that… 
Diagnostic labels give clients permission to ask sick or irresponsible. 
131
The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is… 
Like that of a friend who asks what is wrong 
132
Glaser his theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote… 
Schools without failure 
133
Glaser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts… 
That the client and counselor be persistent, and never give up 
134
According to Glaser, a positive addiction might be… 
Jogging 
135
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions, he, or she is using… 
Summarization 
136
Glaser felt the responsible person will have a blank identity 
Success 
137
Glaser, is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is too… 
Rational emotive behavior therapy 
138
And Albert Ellis rational emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognition, also known as… 
Self talk and internal verbalization 
139
The philosopher, most clearly related to rational, emotive behavior. Therapy would be… 
Epictetus
140
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the blank B is the blank and C is the blank. 
Activating event; belief system; emotional consequence 
141
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, leads to E
Disrupting the irrational behavior at B, a new emotional consequence 
142
A counselor instructs her client to read a guide to rational living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is example of…. 
Bibliotherapy 
143
Should and oughts are blank, according to Ellis 
Musturbations
144
A client says “I lost my job, and it’s most a terrible thing in the world“ this client is engaging in… 
Awfullising and terriblelising, also known as catastrophizing
145
Bibliotherapy is a form of… 
Homework
146
Ellis feels that blank is the core of emotional disturbance 
Irrational thinking at point B 
147
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to… 
Refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones 
148
Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process sense… 
Only humans think in declarations ( internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord)
149
Internal verbalization‘s are REBT as blank are to Glaser’s choice theory 
Pictures in your mind 
150
Albert Ellis is to our EBT as Maxi C Maultsby jr is too…
RBT
151
Aaron beck and ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression inventory also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that… 
Dysfunctional ideas are to absolute and broad, though not necessarily irrational 
152
The cognitive therapist, most closely associated with the concept of stress, inoculation treatment is… 
Donald Meichenbaum
153
Eric Benét created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books, games people play and what do you say after you say hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate blank in the treatment process. 
Gestalt therapy 
154
Bernay suggested three ego states: the parent, the adult, and the child (P-A-C). The parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapist speak of two functions in the parent ego state, the… 
Nurturing, parent and critical parent. 
155
The adult ego state… 
Processes facts, and does not focus on feelings 
156
The child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as… 
The natural child, the adopted child, the little professor 
157
TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions… 
Occur when vectors of communication run parallel 
158
TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris‘s book. “I’m OK you’re OK”. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes, or recognition. A person categorized by the position “I am OK, you are not OK” 
Blames others for misery 
159
A man yells at his wife, and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. Doing begins to cry, and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn’t know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is so difficult. A TA therapist who analyze the situation using Stephen Karpmans drama triangle would say… 
The man has moved from persecutor, to rescuer, to victim role. 
160
ATA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action? 
Contracting 
161
The game is composed of transactions, which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games? 
In a first-degree game, the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game 
162
Unpleasant feelings, after a person creates a game are called… 
Rackets 
163
According to Eric Benet, a life script is actually… 
A life drama or plot based on unconscious decision, made early in life 
164
Eric Berne is to TA as fritz Perls is to 
Gestalt therapy 
165
Empathy and counselor, effectiveness skills reflect the work of 
Carkhuff and gazda
166
The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of 
Bandler and grinders neurolinguistic programming 
167
Gestlat therapist is most likely to deal with a clients projection via 
Playing the projection technique 
168
A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands Each time she talks about the probability of marriage. Gestalt therapist would most likely. 
Urged the client to stay with the feeling 
169
Gestalt therapist, sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles 
Paradox as practice by Frankel, Haley, or Erickson 
170
A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states “it is difficult to get a job in New York City“ would be asked
By the counselor to 
Change the verbalization to an I statement 
171
Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates 
Psychodrama 
172
According to gestalt therapist, a client who is angry at his wife, for leaving him, who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in 
Retroflection
173
Gestalt means 
A form, figure or configuration, unified as a whole 
174
Pearls suggested blank, which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability 
Five layers of neurosis 
175
 In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as 
Unfinished business 
176
Gestalt therapy emphasizes 
Awareness in the here and now and dream work 
177
The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concept of 
Top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique 
178
Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that 
Often feels to emphasize cognitive concerns 
179
Most experts would agree that the peak Of competition between various schools of counseling and therapy was during.
The late 1960s 
180
The school of counseling  created by color Rogers, has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called blank, then blank, and in 1974 it was changed to. 
Nondirective: client centered: person centered 
181
Rogers approach is characterized by a blank approach 
Existential or humanistic 
182
Which statement is true of the person centered approach?
Reflection is used a lot to get the counselor rarely gives advice 
183
In the person centered approach, an effective counselor must possess 
Empathy, congruent, genuineness and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable “I-thou relationship“
184
Rogers viewed humans as 
Positive when he develops in a warm, excepting and trusting environment 
185
A person centered therapist would… 
Treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM, using the same principles 
186
Rogers emphasize congruence in the counselor. Congruent occurs when… 
External behavior matches, an internal response or state 
187
Rogers felt that blank for client change to occur 
Three conditions are necessary 
188
Person centered counseling would prove least effective with 
A client who is not very verbal 
189
Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that… 
Some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling. And more confrontation is necessary, tho Rogers did encourage caring confrontations. 
190
Counselors, who work as consultants 
Generally, do not adhere to one single theory 
191
Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting, while consultation generally occurs in a blank setting 
Work/organizational 
192
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called 
Verbal tracking 
193
The counselor social power is related to 
Expertise, attractiveness and trustworthiness 
194
Key areas that often cause problems for counselors Self image are. 
Competence, power and intimacy 
195
A counselor who is genuine 
Does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be excepted by the client. Does not change his or her true values from session to session. 
196
Allen E Ivey has postulated  three types of empathy 
Basic, subtractive, and additive 
197
Blank and blank, created a program to help counselors learn, accurate empathy 
Truax and carkhuff
198
The human relations corps for effective counseling includes 
Empathy, positive regard, and genuineness 
