Last minute Path Flashcards
most common nephrotic syndrome in adults
focal segmental
JC virus reactivation
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopahty
FFP vs cryoprecipitate
FFP = all factors Cryoprecipitate = F8, 13, vWF
factors that decrease in pregnancy
protein S and inhibitors of fibrinolysis
factors that increase in pregnancy
7, 10, 8, fibrinogen, fibrinolysis, vWF
commonest glial cell
astrocyte
hameochromatosis inheritance
AD
most common cause of pancreatitis
gallstone
effect of quinine on blood sugar
quinine = release of insulin = hypoglycaemia
features of Ab-mediated rejection
interstitial inflammation
reactivation risk for TB
10%
heart attack, now as[irate blood from pericardium?
ventricular rupture
coccidioides
fungus
valley flu
periorbital swelling, sinus pain, confusion
Rhizopus causing mucormycosis
what binds to CCR5
MIP-1a
increased risk of male VTE
x3
how are urgent diagnoses made in surgery?
frozen section
increase cytokine production in FMF
IL1 production
BBQ food poisoning
cryptosporidium
Whipple’s disease
acid-schiff (PAS) positive macropahges
- malnutrition
- abdo pain
- stearrhoea
- weight loss
- arthralgia
dose of adrenaline
0.5mg 1:1000
complement important in chemotaxis
C5a
SLE type reaction
3
calculating clearance
urine conc x volime / plasma conc
SCID mutaiton
IL2R mutation
what does MHC III code?
C2, C4, FB
Aziathoprine side effect
hairloss
ulcer, doesnt heal
Leishmaniasis
LCA vs RCA
LCA (widow maker): most of L/atrium and ventricle
RCA (cardiac arrhythmia): inferior/posterior
H. pylori associated cancer
MALToma
adenocarcinoma
medulloblastoma
cerebellar signs
involves sub-arachnoid space
slate grey skin, joint pain, pancreatitis, liver deposits
haemochromatosis
CLL with p53
nad
cause of cellulitis (not staph aureus)
strep pyogenes
isolated elevated APT
Pagets
solubility test on sickle cell trait
some clouding
Type 2 vs Type 3
2: antibody-antigen on stationary wall
3: floating antigen-antibody complex
Waldenstrom’s macroglobinaemia
High IgM paraprotein
visual disturbances
High Ca and IVDU
Adult T cell lymphoma
incubation of campylobacter vs giardiasis
camp: 48-72 hours
Giardiasis: 7 days
rule about plasma and urine osmolality in SIADH
if urine osmolality is double plasma = SIADH
effect of pernicious anaemia on stomach
atrophic gastritis
most common breast cancer
invasive DCIS
E. cadherin +ve
invasive ductal (if negative = invasive lobular)
phyllodes
fibroepithelial
abudant stromal elements
deficiencies
+ve NBT
-ve NBT
+ve NBT = myeloperoxidase
-ve NBT = NAPDH oxidase def
deficiencies
+ve NBT
-ve NBT
+ve NBT = myeloperoxidase
-ve NBT = NAPDH oxidase def
IFN gamma receptor deficiency
TB
HELP blood film
MAHA
antibiotic in bronchiolotis
Ribavarin
what is the error prone step in HIV?
reverse transcriptase
Pembrolizumab
blocks PD1
TdT +ve cells
ALL
Hairy cells
filamentous projections
smudge cells
all cells smuched
cannot read peripheral blood smear
drug induced angiooedema
ACEi and NSAID
most common malignant vs benign tumour of ovary
- malignant: serous carcinoma
- benign: serous cystadenomina
lyme disease vector
Ixodes
leishmaniasis vector
sandfly
trapanomsoma vector
tsetse fly
dengue/yellow fever vector
aedes
infection that causes peri/neonatal illness but no damage to fetus if infected antenatally
enterovirus
most common cause of HAP
Staph Aureus
full name of RANK-L
Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand
poor uptake on thyorid scn
Viral de Quervain’s
Rasburicase can trigger?
G6PDDD
psoriasis treatment
treat with TNF, IL-17, IL12-23`
type of amyloid in myeloid
Amyloid Light chain (AL) amyloidosis
unique cells in RA
Grimley-Sokoloff cells (hyperplastic synovial cells)
myocytes in Rhuematic Fever
Anitschkov
Buerger’s on angio
corkscrew appearancw
AA amyloidosis
Acute phase protein
secondary to chronic infection/inflammation
Testicular mass > 60 years
DLBCL
PBC association
Sjogrens
reticular dysgensis mutation
AK2
what are nephritic factors
auto-Abs directed against components of complement pathway
stabilise C3 convertases = C3 activation + consumption
gain of function mutation in cryoppyrin
= increase inflammation
loss of function in pyrin-marenostrin
= inc inflammation
PTPN22 and what if mutated
PTPN22 suppresses T cell activation
if mutated = fail to control T cell activation
CD28
stimulatory signal
CTL4
inhibitory signal
blood film in PK def
echinocytes
red cells have short projections
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
15:17
PML-RARA
marker of stem cell
CD34
anaplastic large cell lymphoma
large epithelioid lymphocytes
t(2;5)
alk-1 = better prognosis
anticoag molecules BVs normally express
thrombomodulin
enothelial protein C receptor
TFPI
Heparans
cartilaginous bone tumours benign
osteochondroma
endochondroma
chondroblastoma
bone forming benign bone tumours
osteoid osteoma
osteoblastoma
osteoma
intraductual papilloma
large dilated duct
polypoid mass in middle
fibrovascular core
DCIS histology
cribiform
cells large
not many lumen
full of necrotic material
what is breast cancer grading based on?
tubule formation
nuclear pleomorphism
mitotic activity
mammogram age
47-73
smear ages
25-49
50-62``
special cell in Hashimotos
Hurthle cells (lots of eosinophillic cytoplasm)
cells in productive HPV
halo around nucelus (koilocyte)
tumours associated with endometriosis
endometrioid
clear cell
atherogenesis
LDL oxidised LDL foam cell foam cell apoptosis = plaque VSMC = fibrous cap
method behind chronic rheumatic fever
molecular mimicry
where does H. pylori gastritis affect?
pyloric antrum/canal
histo findings in RA
proliferative synovitis
pannus/formation
Grimley-Jokoloff cells
gram -ve causes of HAP
Klebseilla
Pseudomonas
2 different C diff toxins
- damage epithelial cells
2. disrupt tight junctions
initiation phase of haemostasis
- damaged endothelium = exposed TF
- TF +F7 = F7a
- TF/T7a complex = activation of F9 and F10
- F10 + F5a complex formed
amplification phase
- F10a/F5a complex = small amount of prothrombin to thrombin
- Thrombin then: activates plt, activates F11/F8/more F5a
- F11 then activates F9
- F5a, F8a, F9a bind to activated plt
treatment of HAP
ciprofloxacin and vancomycin
syphillis medium and shape
dark brown medium
spiral shaped
staphylococcus saprophyticus
gram +ve clusters
key feature of Congential Rubella Syndrome
thrombocytopaenia
film over epiglottis
diptheria
long term side effects of measles
encephalitis
pneumonitis
where does rotavirus live? long term consequence?
reside in pharynx and GIT
encephalitis
how do pancreatic cysts appear?
white spots
renal tumour, benign, fat containing mass
angiomyolipoma
seminoma
radiosensitive
white/smooth appearance
where are endochondromas
hands
blocks CTLA-4
ipilimumab
blocks PD1
Nivolumab
anti-TNF
adalimumab / Etanercept
ALPS
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
DVT INR target
2-3
potent inhibitor of plasmin
alpha 2 microglobulin
side effect of UFH
thrombocytopaenia with paradoxical thrombosis
Evan’s syndrome
CLL associated with AIHA and IT{
features of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia
inc monocytes
older women
increased platelets
deletion of long arm Chr 5
inc thrombin time
fibrinogen problem
inc bleeding time
platelet probelm
increase APTT/PTT
coagulation problem
Hereditary angiooedema
C1 esterase inhibitor
non-neutralising Ab
anti-p24 gag IgG
protozoa that can cause infection in pregnancy
protozoa
gram -ve rod meningitis
Haemophilius Influenzae
what is the purpose HA protein
- needs to be cleaved for virus to be able to fuse with endosome and release genoma
- human airway tryptase
how is ganciclovir activated
UL97 kinase enzyme
MoA of foscarnet
non-competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase
MoA of cidofovir
competitive inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis
herd immunity threshold
1 - 1/Ro
inactivated vaccines
influenza
polio
cholera
probkematic E coli in neonates
K antigen
moulds
aspergillus
dermatophytes
agents of mucormycosis
candida serology and agar
sabouraud agar
Beta D Glucan assay
aspergillosis
IgE = ABPA
antigen detection = galactomannan
MoA of amphotericin
binds to ergosterol in fungal cells membrane
= fungal cell death
fluroquinolones MoA
act of alpha subunit of DNA gyrase
macrolide method of resistance
erm genes cause modification of 23S RNA
reduces binding
e.g. type III abx
vancomycin
mutation HHV8 associated with
STTIM1 mutation
haemophagocytic lymphtohistiocytosis
perforin deficiency
increased incidence of EBV
classifications of worms
- tape worm
- flushes
- roundworms
strongyloids
only helminth capable of auto infection (via perineal skin)
tx: ivermectin
filariasis spread by
blackflies and mosquitoes
anti-CD52 Ab
Alemtuzimab
proteasome inhibitor
Bortezemib
Ab against CD25
Basiliximab
CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein
Abatacept
decrease T cell activation
antibody alpha-4-integrin
Natalizumab
TNF-alpha antagonist
Etanercept
inhibition of IL-12 and IL-23
Ustekinumab
Ab to Il17
secukinumab
probencid
uricosuric
mutation in phytosterolaemia
mutation in ABC G5, ABC G8
deficiency of MTP (Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein)
A-lipoproteinaemia
ABC A1 mutation
Tangier disease
NPC1L1
NPC1L1 blocks
anti-PCSK9
Evolocumab
what is MCAD?
fatty acid oxidation disorder
can’t produce acetyl-CoA from fatty acids
presentation of organic acidurias
unusual odour
lethargy
feeding probelms
congenital erythropoietic prophyria enzyme
uroporphyinogen III synthase
deficiency in prophyria cutanea tarda
uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
GLP-1 anaolgues
exanatide
DPP-4 inhibitor
Sitagliptin
Sulphonylurea
Glipizide
statin enzyme
CYP 3A4
gene mutation in TTP
ADAM-ST13
Bernard Soilier syndrome
mutation GLP-1b
Hairy cell leukaemia
subtype of CLL
tartare resistant acid phosphatase
CMML translocation
5;12
features of nodular HL
non-classical
popcorn cells
acanthocytes
hyposplenism
cause of eosinophiluria
tubulointerstitial nephritis
Haemophillius Ducreyi
chancroid
painful genital ulcer, painful swollen lymph nodes
haemophilliius ducreyi agar
chocolate agar
dengue vector
aedes mosquito
erythema chronicum migrans
Lyme disease
Ixodes tick
lyme disease
Trypanosoma vector
Tsetse fly
Leishmania vector
Sand-fly
Purple eyelids / Romanas sign
Chagas disease
Draughtsmen colonies
S. pneumoniae
urinary antigen +ve
S pneumoniae
K1 antigen
E.coli in neonates
cultured on charcoal yeast
legionella pneumphillia
cavitating lesion organisms
TB
S. Aureus
K. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
c. perfringnes
releases entertoxin
8-16 hours incubation
24 hours watery diarrhoea
ETEC
toxigenic
travellers diarrhoea
jejunum and ileum
EPEC
paediatric
infantile diarrhoea
EIEC
dysentry
cramps, N+V
EHEC
0157:H7 = HUS
dysentry
STEC
shiga-toxin
anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, ARF
vibrio parahaemolyticus
caribbean cruise ships/Japan
raw/undercooked seafood
vibrio vulnificus
shellfish handlers = cellulitis
HIV = sepsis, D&V, death
entamoeba histolytica
dysentry = mobile trophozite with 4 nuclei
cysts ingested = flask shaped ulcer
giardia lamblia
pear shaped
trophozoite, 2 nuclei
ingested cyst = no invasion, malabsorption fat/protein
trophozoite with 2 nuclei
pear shaped
string test
giardia lamblia
trophozoite with 4 nuclei
MSM
flask shaped ulcer
Entamoeba histolytica
castaneda medium
Brucellosis
ganciclovir MoA
guanosine analogue
viral UL97 protein kinase activation
viral interstitial pneumonitis
CMV
monospot, heterophile AB test
EBV
paediatric transplant patient
mutli-organ damage
adenovirus
genotypic resistance assay
CMV
HIV
HBV
HCV
phenotypic resistance assay
HSV
rocky mountain fever symptoms
thrombocytopaenia
hyponatraemia
elevated liver enzymes
phenytoin toxicity
hypotension
heart block
arrhythmias
ataxia
theophylline OD
nausea diarrhoea tachycardia headaches seizures
procainamide toxicity
rash
fever
agranulocytosis
Albright’s osteodystrophy physical signs
short height short 4/5th metacarpals decreased IQ endocrinopathies (mum mutation)
autoantibody in AIHA
Ab against Rh antigen
Efalizumab
antibody against CD11 alpha on T cells
treatment of psoriasis
fully monoclonal Ab to TNF-alpha
adalimumab
Lomitapine
- inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)
- blocks release of VLDL from liver = lower LDL levels
when is lomitapine?
used in treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia
microscopy for candida and aspergillus
methenamine silver stain
organisms are people with CGD at risk of
catalse +ve E.coli Staph Aureus Listeria Klebsiella Candida
Tofacitinib
inhibits tyrosine kinase (JAK)
reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines
indication of tofacitinib
RA
UC
psoriatic arthritis
reversal of rivaroxaban
adexanet alfa
treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia
all-transretinoic acid
abs in heparin induced thrombocytopaenia
against heparin and platelet factor 4
symptoms of heparin induced thrombocytopaenia
prothrombotic
thrombocytopaenia
immune complex formation
SCD inheritance
AD
idarucizumab
reversal agent of dabigatran
poor prognostic marker in ALL
9;22
androgen antagonist, prostate cancer
bicalutamide
H& E stain
haematoxylin and eosin
alport syndrome
nephritic syndrome
cataracts
sensorineural deafness
nodules on renal biopsy in Diabetes
Kimmelsteil Wilson nodules
gram positive rods
ABCDL Actinomyces Bacilus Clositridium Diptheria Listeria
