Last minute Path Flashcards
1
Q
most common nephrotic syndrome in adults
A
focal segmental
2
Q
JC virus reactivation
A
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopahty
3
Q
FFP vs cryoprecipitate
A
FFP = all factors Cryoprecipitate = F8, 13, vWF
4
Q
factors that decrease in pregnancy
A
protein S and inhibitors of fibrinolysis
5
Q
factors that increase in pregnancy
A
7, 10, 8, fibrinogen, fibrinolysis, vWF
6
Q
commonest glial cell
A
astrocyte
7
Q
hameochromatosis inheritance
A
AD
8
Q
most common cause of pancreatitis
A
gallstone
9
Q
effect of quinine on blood sugar
A
quinine = release of insulin = hypoglycaemia
10
Q
features of Ab-mediated rejection
A
interstitial inflammation
11
Q
reactivation risk for TB
A
10%
12
Q
heart attack, now as[irate blood from pericardium?
A
ventricular rupture
13
Q
coccidioides
A
fungus
valley flu
14
Q
periorbital swelling, sinus pain, confusion
A
Rhizopus causing mucormycosis
15
Q
what binds to CCR5
A
MIP-1a
16
Q
increased risk of male VTE
A
x3
17
Q
how are urgent diagnoses made in surgery?
A
frozen section
18
Q
increase cytokine production in FMF
A
IL1 production
19
Q
BBQ food poisoning
A
cryptosporidium
20
Q
Whipple’s disease
A
acid-schiff (PAS) positive macropahges
- malnutrition
- abdo pain
- stearrhoea
- weight loss
- arthralgia
21
Q
dose of adrenaline
A
0.5mg 1:1000
22
Q
complement important in chemotaxis
A
C5a
23
Q
SLE type reaction
A
3
24
Q
calculating clearance
A
urine conc x volime / plasma conc
25
SCID mutaiton
IL2R mutation
26
what does MHC III code?
C2, C4, FB
27
Aziathoprine side effect
hairloss
28
ulcer, doesnt heal
Leishmaniasis
29
LCA vs RCA
LCA (widow maker): most of L/atrium and ventricle
| RCA (cardiac arrhythmia): inferior/posterior
30
H. pylori associated cancer
MALToma
| adenocarcinoma
31
medulloblastoma
cerebellar signs
| involves sub-arachnoid space
32
slate grey skin, joint pain, pancreatitis, liver deposits
haemochromatosis
33
CLL with p53
nad
34
cause of cellulitis (not staph aureus)
strep pyogenes
35
isolated elevated APT
Pagets
36
solubility test on sickle cell trait
some clouding
37
Type 2 vs Type 3
2: antibody-antigen on stationary wall
3: floating antigen-antibody complex
38
Waldenstrom's macroglobinaemia
High IgM paraprotein
| visual disturbances
39
High Ca and IVDU
Adult T cell lymphoma
40
incubation of campylobacter vs giardiasis
camp: 48-72 hours
Giardiasis: 7 days
41
rule about plasma and urine osmolality in SIADH
if urine osmolality is double plasma = SIADH
42
effect of pernicious anaemia on stomach
atrophic gastritis
43
most common breast cancer
invasive DCIS
44
E. cadherin +ve
```
invasive ductal
(if negative = invasive lobular)
```
45
phyllodes
fibroepithelial
| abudant stromal elements
46
deficiencies
+ve NBT
-ve NBT
+ve NBT = myeloperoxidase
| -ve NBT = NAPDH oxidase def
46
deficiencies
+ve NBT
-ve NBT
+ve NBT = myeloperoxidase
| -ve NBT = NAPDH oxidase def
47
IFN gamma receptor deficiency
TB
48
HELP blood film
MAHA
49
antibiotic in bronchiolotis
Ribavarin
50
what is the error prone step in HIV?
reverse transcriptase
51
Pembrolizumab
blocks PD1
52
TdT +ve cells
ALL
53
Hairy cells
filamentous projections
54
smudge cells
all cells smuched
| cannot read peripheral blood smear
55
drug induced angiooedema
ACEi and NSAID
56
most common malignant vs benign tumour of ovary
- malignant: serous carcinoma
| - benign: serous cystadenomina
57
lyme disease vector
Ixodes
58
leishmaniasis vector
sandfly
59
trapanomsoma vector
tsetse fly
60
dengue/yellow fever vector
aedes
61
infection that causes peri/neonatal illness but no damage to fetus if infected antenatally
enterovirus
62
most common cause of HAP
Staph Aureus
63
full name of RANK-L
Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand
64
poor uptake on thyorid scn
Viral de Quervain's
65
Rasburicase can trigger?
G6PDDD
66
psoriasis treatment
treat with TNF, IL-17, IL12-23`
67
type of amyloid in myeloid
Amyloid Light chain (AL) amyloidosis
68
unique cells in RA
Grimley-Sokoloff cells (hyperplastic synovial cells)
69
myocytes in Rhuematic Fever
Anitschkov
70
Buerger's on angio
corkscrew appearancw
71
AA amyloidosis
Acute phase protein
| secondary to chronic infection/inflammation
72
Testicular mass > 60 years
DLBCL
73
PBC association
Sjogrens
74
reticular dysgensis mutation
AK2
75
what are nephritic factors
auto-Abs directed against components of complement pathway
| stabilise C3 convertases = C3 activation + consumption
76
gain of function mutation in cryoppyrin
= increase inflammation
77
loss of function in pyrin-marenostrin
= inc inflammation
78
PTPN22 and what if mutated
PTPN22 suppresses T cell activation
| if mutated = fail to control T cell activation
79
CD28
stimulatory signal
80
CTL4
inhibitory signal
81
blood film in PK def
echinocytes
| red cells have short projections
82
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
15:17
| PML-RARA
83
marker of stem cell
CD34
84
anaplastic large cell lymphoma
large epithelioid lymphocytes
t(2;5)
alk-1 = better prognosis
85
anticoag molecules BVs normally express
thrombomodulin
enothelial protein C receptor
TFPI
Heparans
86
cartilaginous bone tumours benign
osteochondroma
endochondroma
chondroblastoma
87
bone forming benign bone tumours
osteoid osteoma
osteoblastoma
osteoma
88
intraductual papilloma
large dilated duct
polypoid mass in middle
fibrovascular core
89
DCIS histology
cribiform
cells large
not many lumen
full of necrotic material
90
what is breast cancer grading based on?
tubule formation
nuclear pleomorphism
mitotic activity
91
mammogram age
47-73
92
smear ages
25-49
| 50-62``
93
special cell in Hashimotos
Hurthle cells (lots of eosinophillic cytoplasm)
94
cells in productive HPV
halo around nucelus (koilocyte)
95
tumours associated with endometriosis
endometrioid
| clear cell
96
atherogenesis
```
LDL
oxidised LDL
foam cell
foam cell apoptosis = plaque
VSMC = fibrous cap
```
97
method behind chronic rheumatic fever
molecular mimicry
98
where does H. pylori gastritis affect?
pyloric antrum/canal
99
histo findings in RA
proliferative synovitis
pannus/formation
Grimley-Jokoloff cells
100
gram -ve causes of HAP
Klebseilla
| Pseudomonas
101
2 different C diff toxins
1. damage epithelial cells
| 2. disrupt tight junctions
102
initiation phase of haemostasis
1. damaged endothelium = exposed TF
2. TF +F7 = F7a
3. TF/T7a complex = activation of F9 and F10
4. F10 + F5a complex formed
103
amplification phase
1. F10a/F5a complex = small amount of prothrombin to thrombin
2. Thrombin then: activates plt, activates F11/F8/more F5a
3. F11 then activates F9
4. F5a, F8a, F9a bind to activated plt
104
treatment of HAP
ciprofloxacin and vancomycin
105
syphillis medium and shape
dark brown medium
| spiral shaped
106
staphylococcus saprophyticus
gram +ve clusters
107
key feature of Congential Rubella Syndrome
thrombocytopaenia
108
film over epiglottis
diptheria
109
long term side effects of measles
encephalitis
| pneumonitis
110
where does rotavirus live? long term consequence?
reside in pharynx and GIT
| encephalitis
111
how do pancreatic cysts appear?
white spots
112
renal tumour, benign, fat containing mass
angiomyolipoma
113
seminoma
radiosensitive
| white/smooth appearance
114
where are endochondromas
hands
115
blocks CTLA-4
ipilimumab
116
blocks PD1
Nivolumab
117
anti-TNF
adalimumab / Etanercept
118
ALPS
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
119
DVT INR target
2-3
120
potent inhibitor of plasmin
alpha 2 microglobulin
121
side effect of UFH
thrombocytopaenia with paradoxical thrombosis
122
Evan's syndrome
CLL associated with AIHA and IT{
123
features of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia
inc monocytes
older women
increased platelets
deletion of long arm Chr 5
124
inc thrombin time
fibrinogen problem
125
inc bleeding time
platelet probelm
126
increase APTT/PTT
coagulation problem
127
Hereditary angiooedema
C1 esterase inhibitor
128
non-neutralising Ab
anti-p24 gag IgG
129
protozoa that can cause infection in pregnancy
protozoa
130
gram -ve rod meningitis
Haemophilius Influenzae
131
what is the purpose HA protein
- needs to be cleaved for virus to be able to fuse with endosome and release genoma
- human airway tryptase
132
how is ganciclovir activated
UL97 kinase enzyme
133
MoA of foscarnet
non-competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase
134
MoA of cidofovir
competitive inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis
135
herd immunity threshold
1 - 1/Ro
136
inactivated vaccines
influenza
polio
cholera
137
probkematic E coli in neonates
K antigen
138
moulds
aspergillus
dermatophytes
agents of mucormycosis
139
candida serology and agar
sabouraud agar
| Beta D Glucan assay
140
aspergillosis
IgE = ABPA
| antigen detection = galactomannan
141
MoA of amphotericin
binds to ergosterol in fungal cells membrane
| = fungal cell death
142
fluroquinolones MoA
act of alpha subunit of DNA gyrase
143
macrolide method of resistance
erm genes cause modification of 23S RNA
| reduces binding
144
e.g. type III abx
vancomycin
145
mutation HHV8 associated with
STTIM1 mutation
146
haemophagocytic lymphtohistiocytosis
perforin deficiency
| increased incidence of EBV
147
classifications of worms
- tape worm
- flushes
- roundworms
148
strongyloids
only helminth capable of auto infection (via perineal skin)
| tx: ivermectin
149
filariasis spread by
blackflies and mosquitoes
150
anti-CD52 Ab
Alemtuzimab
151
proteasome inhibitor
Bortezemib
152
Ab against CD25
Basiliximab
153
CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein
Abatacept
| decrease T cell activation
154
antibody alpha-4-integrin
Natalizumab
155
TNF-alpha antagonist
Etanercept
156
inhibition of IL-12 and IL-23
Ustekinumab
157
Ab to Il17
secukinumab
158
probencid
uricosuric
159
mutation in phytosterolaemia
mutation in ABC G5, ABC G8
160
deficiency of MTP (Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein)
A-lipoproteinaemia
161
ABC A1 mutation
Tangier disease
162
NPC1L1
NPC1L1 blocks
163
anti-PCSK9
Evolocumab
164
what is MCAD?
fatty acid oxidation disorder
| can't produce acetyl-CoA from fatty acids
165
presentation of organic acidurias
unusual odour
lethargy
feeding probelms
166
congenital erythropoietic prophyria enzyme
uroporphyinogen III synthase
167
deficiency in prophyria cutanea tarda
uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
168
GLP-1 anaolgues
exanatide
169
DPP-4 inhibitor
Sitagliptin
170
Sulphonylurea
Glipizide
171
statin enzyme
CYP 3A4
172
gene mutation in TTP
ADAM-ST13
173
Bernard Soilier syndrome
mutation GLP-1b
174
Hairy cell leukaemia
subtype of CLL
| tartare resistant acid phosphatase
175
CMML translocation
5;12
176
features of nodular HL
non-classical
| popcorn cells
177
acanthocytes
hyposplenism
178
cause of eosinophiluria
tubulointerstitial nephritis
179
Haemophillius Ducreyi
chancroid
| painful genital ulcer, painful swollen lymph nodes
180
haemophilliius ducreyi agar
chocolate agar
181
dengue vector
aedes mosquito
182
erythema chronicum migrans
Lyme disease
183
Ixodes tick
lyme disease
184
Trypanosoma vector
Tsetse fly
185
Leishmania vector
Sand-fly
186
Purple eyelids / Romanas sign
Chagas disease
187
Draughtsmen colonies
S. pneumoniae
188
urinary antigen +ve
S pneumoniae
189
K1 antigen
E.coli in neonates
190
cultured on charcoal yeast
legionella pneumphillia
191
cavitating lesion organisms
TB
S. Aureus
K. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
192
c. perfringnes
releases entertoxin
8-16 hours incubation
24 hours watery diarrhoea
193
ETEC
toxigenic
travellers diarrhoea
jejunum and ileum
194
EPEC
paediatric
| infantile diarrhoea
195
EIEC
dysentry
| cramps, N+V
196
EHEC
0157:H7 = HUS
| dysentry
197
STEC
shiga-toxin
| anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, ARF
198
vibrio parahaemolyticus
caribbean cruise ships/Japan
| raw/undercooked seafood
199
vibrio vulnificus
shellfish handlers = cellulitis
| HIV = sepsis, D&V, death
200
entamoeba histolytica
dysentry = mobile trophozite with 4 nuclei
| cysts ingested = flask shaped ulcer
201
giardia lamblia
pear shaped
trophozoite, 2 nuclei
ingested cyst = no invasion, malabsorption fat/protein
202
trophozoite with 2 nuclei
pear shaped
string test
giardia lamblia
203
trophozoite with 4 nuclei
MSM
flask shaped ulcer
Entamoeba histolytica
204
castaneda medium
Brucellosis
205
ganciclovir MoA
guanosine analogue
| viral UL97 protein kinase activation
206
viral interstitial pneumonitis
CMV
207
monospot, heterophile AB test
EBV
208
paediatric transplant patient
| mutli-organ damage
adenovirus
209
genotypic resistance assay
CMV
HIV
HBV
HCV
210
phenotypic resistance assay
HSV
211
rocky mountain fever symptoms
thrombocytopaenia
hyponatraemia
elevated liver enzymes
212
phenytoin toxicity
hypotension
heart block
arrhythmias
ataxia
213
theophylline OD
```
nausea
diarrhoea
tachycardia
headaches
seizures
```
214
procainamide toxicity
rash
fever
agranulocytosis
215
Albright's osteodystrophy physical signs
```
short height
short 4/5th metacarpals
decreased IQ
endocrinopathies
(mum mutation)
```
216
autoantibody in AIHA
Ab against Rh antigen
217
Efalizumab
antibody against CD11 alpha on T cells
| treatment of psoriasis
218
fully monoclonal Ab to TNF-alpha
adalimumab
219
Lomitapine
- inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)
| - blocks release of VLDL from liver = lower LDL levels
220
when is lomitapine?
used in treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia
221
microscopy for candida and aspergillus
methenamine silver stain
222
organisms are people with CGD at risk of
```
catalse +ve
E.coli
Staph Aureus
Listeria
Klebsiella
Candida
```
223
Tofacitinib
inhibits tyrosine kinase (JAK)
| reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines
224
indication of tofacitinib
RA
UC
psoriatic arthritis
225
reversal of rivaroxaban
adexanet alfa
226
treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia
all-transretinoic acid
227
abs in heparin induced thrombocytopaenia
against heparin and platelet factor 4
228
symptoms of heparin induced thrombocytopaenia
prothrombotic
thrombocytopaenia
immune complex formation
229
SCD inheritance
AD
230
idarucizumab
reversal agent of dabigatran
231
poor prognostic marker in ALL
9;22
232
androgen antagonist, prostate cancer
bicalutamide
233
H& E stain
haematoxylin and eosin
234
alport syndrome
nephritic syndrome
cataracts
sensorineural deafness
235
nodules on renal biopsy in Diabetes
Kimmelsteil Wilson nodules
236
gram positive rods
```
ABCDL
Actinomyces
Bacilus
Clositridium
Diptheria
Listeria
```
