Extra Path from Meeran Questions Flashcards
1
Q
what are Cabot rings?
A
looped structures in RBC
seen in megaloblastic anaemia
2
Q
gene mutation in TTP
A
ADAM-ST13
3
Q
what is the mutation in Glanzmann thrombasthenia?
A
mutation of GLP-2a/3b
4
Q
what is the problem in Bernard Soilier syndrome?
A
mutation in GLP-1b
5
Q
what is Hairy cell leukaemia? what marker?
A
subtype of CLL
tartare resistant acid phosphotase
6
Q
mantle cell leukaemia translocation
A
11;14
7
Q
DLCBL translocation
A
14;18
8
Q
CMML translocation
A
5;12
9
Q
what is 5q syndrome?
A
deletion of long arm on Chr 5
hypo-lobulated megakaryocytes, increase platelet count
10
Q
what should a splenectomy patient get as prophylaxis?
A
Pen V
pneuomoccoal/ Hib/ meningiococcal
11
Q
what are the features of sickle cell trait on blood film?
A
no abnormal features
12
Q
what is the percentage of HbA2 in B-thalamassaemia minor?
A
> 3.5-4.1 %
13
Q
cold AIHA causes
A
cold LID
Lymphoproliferative: CLL, lymphoma
Infections: myoplasma, BBV
14
Q
treatment of cold AIHA
A
chlorambucil
15
Q
what Abs are seen in Paroxysmal Cold Haemogloburia?
A
Donath-Landsteriner Abs
16
Q
3 features of PNH
A
PNH pneumonic
Pancytopaenia
New thrombus
Haemolytic anaemia
17
Q
what is the transferrin level in IDA and why?
A
transferrin is high
compensates for low Fe
18
Q
best Abs to measure in pernicious anaemia
A
anti-parietal cells
19
Q
what condition is chondrocalcinosis seen in?
A
haemochromatosis
20
Q
what is the ALP in MM
A
normal
21
Q
what is an important prognostic factor in MM?
A
beta-2 microglobulin
22
Q
features of nodular HL
A
non-classical
lymphocytic and histologic cells = popcorn cells
23
Q
features of nodular sclerosing HL?
A
nodular pattern with fibrous bands
24
Q
what is 5q syndrome?
A
subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome
25
what is Trastuzumab?
a.k.a. herpcidin
| Her +ve breast cancer
26
what special cells can be seen in myocarditis in Rheumatic fever?
Aschkoff bodies
| Anitschow cells
27
features of cells in small CC lung cancer?
Oat cells
28
what does the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E increase the risk of?
Alzheimer's
29
features of pemphigoid
IgG binds to hemidesmosomes
| Nikolsky sign -ve
30
pemphigus antibodies
IgG to desmosomes = acantholysis
31
what are the signs in Psoriasis?
Auspitz sign
Munro Abscesses
Test tubes in a rack
32
what histopathology in scleroderma?
onion skin thickening
33
what is the HNPCC mutation?
mismatch repair gene
34
histo features of a teratoma
contains all 3 embryonic germ cell layers
| torsion common
35
when do you get basophillic stippling?
beta-thalassaemia
| lead poisoning
36
when do you see acanthocytes?
hyposplenism
37
histo feature of squamous cell carcinoma in lung?
intracellular prickles
38
what is a comminuted fracture?
bones splintered
| intact soft tissue
39
what is a transverse fracture?
right angle to bone long axis
| may be partial or complete
40
compound fracture
penetrates skin
41
what causes an eosinophiluria?
tubulointerstitial nephritis
42
features of giardia lambia
pear shaped trophozite
foul smelling, non bloody sterrohoea
stool contains cysts
43
features of C. jejuni
oxidase positive, non-motile bacteria
44
features of shigella
non-motile
| non-hydrogen sulphide producers
45
what test for leptospirosis?
agglutination test
46
serovars D-K
genital chlamydia
47
serovars L1, L2, L3
lymphogranuloma venereum
48
pupil in syphillis
Argyll-Robertson
49
symptoms of Haemophillius Ducreyi and agar
chancroid
painful genital ulcer than leads to painful swollen lymph nodes
chocolate agar
50
what causes donovanosis?
Klebsiella granulomatis
| = donovan bodies
51
Pityrasis versicolor appearance under wood lamp
spaghetti with meatballs
52
what does sporothix schemchi cause?
rose prick ulcer
| infection to bone
53
medium for brucellosis
castaneda medium
54
skin condition in Lyme disease
erythema migrans
55
Rocky Mountain Fever bug
Rickettsia species
56
Rocky Mountain Fever symptoms
thrombocytopaenia
hyponatraemia
elevated liver enzymes
57
histological feature of Psittacosis?
cytoplasmic inclusions
58
key histo feature of Rabies
cerebral Negri bodies
59
what agar and appearance of Staph Aureus?
golden colonies on blood agar
60
Yersinia enterocolitica
enterocolitis
| gram -ve rod
61
what are the oxidase positive organisms
```
PuNCH Me Very Lightly
Pseudomonas
Neisseria
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Moraxella
Vibro
Legionella
```
62
cause of cutaneous leishmoniasis
L. major
63
what is the marker of Hep B infectivity?
HBeAg
| only found in blood when replicating
64
what does Human African trypanosomiasis cause? what vector?
sleeping sickness
| Teste fly
65
different forms of this bug and onset
```
Gambiense = gradual infection
Rhodeiense = rapid infection
```
66
what does trypansoma cruzi cause?
Chagas disease
67
symptoms of Chagas disease?
purple rash on eyelid
| dilation and dysfunction in heart, colon, oesophagus
68
length of fever in P. malariae
quartan fever
69
mauver's cleft
falciparum malariae
70
Schuffner's dots
P. vivax
| P. ovali
71
biochemical abnormality in Conns
hypernatraemia
| hypokalaemia
72
what urine osmolality suggests a renal cause?
>20
73
What biochemical abnormality in Addisons?
hyponatraemia, hypokalameia
74
symptoms of Bartter syndrome
hypokalaemia
alkalosis
hypotension
75
difference between T1, T2, T3 RTA
T1: distal tubule
T2: proximal
T3: both
76
liver enzyme results in NAFLD
inc AST, ALT, GGT
AST: ALT <1
bilirubin and albumin normal
77
what is pseudohypoparathyroidism?
resistance to PTH
| high PTH and P but low Ca
78
signs of homocystinuria
fair skin
brittle hair
developmental delay
79
signs of PKU
fair hair
developmental delay
eczema and seiures
80
Maple syrup urine disease signs
organic aciduria
sweet odour
sweaty feet
81
what is Fabry's disease?
lysosomal storage disease
alpha-galactosidase
developmental delay
Cherry red spot
82
urea cycle symptoms
encephalopathy and neuro symptoms
83
symptoms of peroxismal disorder
seizures
dysmorphic features
severe muscle hypotonia
84
phenytoin toxicity symptoms
hypotension
heart block
arrhythmias
ataxia
85
digoxin OD
```
tiredness
abdo pain
confusion
PR interval prolonged
bradycardia
```
86
Theophylline OD
```
nausea
diarrhoea
tachycardia
headaches
seizures
```
87
Procainamide toxicity
rash
fever
agranulocytosis
88
how does carbamezepine cause hyponatraemia?
stimulates vasopressin
89
what are the SIADH criteria?
2 in blood 2 in urine, 3 exclusion
1. 2 in blood: low Na, hypo-osmolality
2. 2 high in urine: high urinary Na, high urinary osmolality
3. 3 exclusions: no renal/adrenal/cardiac disease, no hypovolaemia, no contributing drugs
90
pseusohypoparathyroidism syndrome?
| physical signs
Albright's osetodystrophy
physical signs: short height, short 4th/5th metacarpals, decreased IQ, endocrinopathies
(mum mutation)
91
pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism?
similar physical features to pseudo
but no biochemical abnormality of Ca
(dad mutation)
92
results of water deprivation test in craniogenic DI, nephrogenic DI
Craniogenic: dilute urine (<300) but concentrated after desmopressin (>800)
Nephrogenic: dilute urine before and after desmopressin
93
Koebner's phenomian
appearance of psoriasis plaques at site of injury
94
normal osmolar gap
<10 mmol/L
95
what would cause a high osmolar gap?
think additional solutes
| e.g. ethanol, methanol, acetone
96
features of tyrosinaemia
```
Quebec
FTT
bloody stool
lethargy
jaundice
cabbage like odor
```
97
what is the ALP in myeloma and why?
direct osteoclast activation by cytokines
| no osteoblasts = no raised ALP
98
what is the mutation in CVID?
MHC III
99
what is Felty's syndrome?
RA and splenomegaly
100
what does cANCA go against?
proteinase 3
101
proteins that antibodies are against in MS
myelin basic protein
| proteolipid protein
102
what is the autoantibody in AIHA?
Ab against Rh antigen
103
what is the T cell target in RA?
synovial membrane antigens
104
how does cyclophosphamide work?
alkylates DNA
prevents replication
affects B cells more than T
105
what is Abatcept?
CTLA-Ig fusion protein
| treatment of RA
106
what does mycophenolate mofetil do?
impaired guanine synthesis
107
what does Basilixumab tatget?
against IL-2alpha (CD25)
108
what is the target of Efalizumab
antibody against CD11 alpha on T cells
inhibits migration
treatment of psoriasis
109
what is the pathology of Lupus nephritis?
deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 in sub endothelial segment of glomerular BM
110
what does the AIRE in thymus do?
presents T cells with range of organ specific antigen
111
what is the cause of autosomal recessive SCID?
ADA deficiency
112
Ab in Pemphigus
Abs against demoglein 1 and 3 (cadherins)
113
Ab in pemphigoid
Ab to hemidesmosomes
114
what is a T3SR?
targeting antigens not fixed to cell surface
115
immunology of EEA
immune complex of Ab and inhaled antigen
| deposition in walls of alveoli
116
process of a T4SR
1. macrophages present antigen
2. CD4 recognise peptide and bind
3. causes macrophages to release IL-12
= production of memory CD4+ T cells of Th1
117
what do memory T cells release? leads to what?
IFN-gamma, IL2, IL3
| these activate macrophages that then produce TNF-alpha
118
what is an autograft?
transplant of tissues tp same patient
| e.g. CABG
119
what does gp41 do?
stabilised attachement
120
what does the gag protein do?
provides infrastructural support for HIV
121
what is adalimumab?
fully human monoclonal Ab to TNF-alpha
122
nucleolar pattern
anti-RNA polymerase
| = underlying systemic sclerosis
123
cytokine in systemic sclerosis
TNF-beta
124
what is anti-IA2?
antibody to tyrosine phosphatase in T1DM
125
what is the type of hepatits in AI hepatitis?
interface hepatitis
