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Cross reference - year 5 > Extra Path from Meeran Questions > Flashcards

Extra Path from Meeran Questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are Cabot rings?

A

looped structures in RBC

seen in megaloblastic anaemia

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2
Q

gene mutation in TTP

A

ADAM-ST13

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3
Q

what is the mutation in Glanzmann thrombasthenia?

A

mutation of GLP-2a/3b

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4
Q

what is the problem in Bernard Soilier syndrome?

A

mutation in GLP-1b

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5
Q

what is Hairy cell leukaemia? what marker?

A

subtype of CLL

tartare resistant acid phosphotase

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6
Q

mantle cell leukaemia translocation

A

11;14

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7
Q

DLCBL translocation

A

14;18

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8
Q

CMML translocation

A

5;12

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9
Q

what is 5q syndrome?

A

deletion of long arm on Chr 5

hypo-lobulated megakaryocytes, increase platelet count

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10
Q

what should a splenectomy patient get as prophylaxis?

A

Pen V

pneuomoccoal/ Hib/ meningiococcal

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11
Q

what are the features of sickle cell trait on blood film?

A

no abnormal features

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12
Q

what is the percentage of HbA2 in B-thalamassaemia minor?

A

> 3.5-4.1 %

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13
Q

cold AIHA causes

A

cold LID
Lymphoproliferative: CLL, lymphoma
Infections: myoplasma, BBV

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14
Q

treatment of cold AIHA

A

chlorambucil

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15
Q

what Abs are seen in Paroxysmal Cold Haemogloburia?

A

Donath-Landsteriner Abs

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16
Q

3 features of PNH

A

PNH pneumonic
Pancytopaenia
New thrombus
Haemolytic anaemia

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17
Q

what is the transferrin level in IDA and why?

A

transferrin is high

compensates for low Fe

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18
Q

best Abs to measure in pernicious anaemia

A

anti-parietal cells

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19
Q

what condition is chondrocalcinosis seen in?

A

haemochromatosis

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20
Q

what is the ALP in MM

A

normal

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21
Q

what is an important prognostic factor in MM?

A

beta-2 microglobulin

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22
Q

features of nodular HL

A

non-classical

lymphocytic and histologic cells = popcorn cells

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23
Q

features of nodular sclerosing HL?

A

nodular pattern with fibrous bands

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24
Q

what is 5q syndrome?

A

subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome

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25
Q

what is Trastuzumab?

A

a.k.a. herpcidin

Her +ve breast cancer

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26
Q

what special cells can be seen in myocarditis in Rheumatic fever?

A

Aschkoff bodies

Anitschow cells

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27
Q

features of cells in small CC lung cancer?

A

Oat cells

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28
Q

what does the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E increase the risk of?

A

Alzheimer’s

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29
Q

features of pemphigoid

A

IgG binds to hemidesmosomes

Nikolsky sign -ve

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30
Q

pemphigus antibodies

A

IgG to desmosomes = acantholysis

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31
Q

what are the signs in Psoriasis?

A

Auspitz sign
Munro Abscesses
Test tubes in a rack

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32
Q

what histopathology in scleroderma?

A

onion skin thickening

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33
Q

what is the HNPCC mutation?

A

mismatch repair gene

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34
Q

histo features of a teratoma

A

contains all 3 embryonic germ cell layers

torsion common

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35
Q

when do you get basophillic stippling?

A

beta-thalassaemia

lead poisoning

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36
Q

when do you see acanthocytes?

A

hyposplenism

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37
Q

histo feature of squamous cell carcinoma in lung?

A

intracellular prickles

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38
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

bones splintered

intact soft tissue

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39
Q

what is a transverse fracture?

A

right angle to bone long axis

may be partial or complete

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40
Q

compound fracture

A

penetrates skin

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41
Q

what causes an eosinophiluria?

A

tubulointerstitial nephritis

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42
Q

features of giardia lambia

A

pear shaped trophozite
foul smelling, non bloody sterrohoea
stool contains cysts

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43
Q

features of C. jejuni

A

oxidase positive, non-motile bacteria

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44
Q

features of shigella

A

non-motile

non-hydrogen sulphide producers

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45
Q

what test for leptospirosis?

A

agglutination test

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46
Q

serovars D-K

A

genital chlamydia

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47
Q

serovars L1, L2, L3

A

lymphogranuloma venereum

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48
Q

pupil in syphillis

A

Argyll-Robertson

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49
Q

symptoms of Haemophillius Ducreyi and agar

A

chancroid
painful genital ulcer than leads to painful swollen lymph nodes
chocolate agar

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50
Q

what causes donovanosis?

A

Klebsiella granulomatis

= donovan bodies

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51
Q

Pityrasis versicolor appearance under wood lamp

A

spaghetti with meatballs

52
Q

what does sporothix schemchi cause?

A

rose prick ulcer

infection to bone

53
Q

medium for brucellosis

A

castaneda medium

54
Q

skin condition in Lyme disease

A

erythema migrans

55
Q

Rocky Mountain Fever bug

A

Rickettsia species

56
Q

Rocky Mountain Fever symptoms

A

thrombocytopaenia
hyponatraemia
elevated liver enzymes

57
Q

histological feature of Psittacosis?

A

cytoplasmic inclusions

58
Q

key histo feature of Rabies

A

cerebral Negri bodies

59
Q

what agar and appearance of Staph Aureus?

A

golden colonies on blood agar

60
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

enterocolitis

gram -ve rod

61
Q

what are the oxidase positive organisms

A 
PuNCH Me Very Lightly
Pseudomonas
Neisseria
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Moraxella
Vibro
Legionella
62
Q

cause of cutaneous leishmoniasis

63
Q

what is the marker of Hep B infectivity?

A

HBeAg

only found in blood when replicating

64
Q

what does Human African trypanosomiasis cause? what vector?

A

sleeping sickness

Teste fly

65
Q

different forms of this bug and onset

A 
Gambiense = gradual infection
Rhodeiense = rapid infection
66
Q

what does trypansoma cruzi cause?

A

Chagas disease

67
Q

symptoms of Chagas disease?

A

purple rash on eyelid

dilation and dysfunction in heart, colon, oesophagus

68
Q

length of fever in P. malariae

A

quartan fever

69
Q

mauver’s cleft

A

falciparum malariae

70
Q

Schuffner’s dots

A

P. vivax

P. ovali

71
Q

biochemical abnormality in Conns

A

hypernatraemia

hypokalaemia

72
Q

what urine osmolality suggests a renal cause?

73
Q

What biochemical abnormality in Addisons?

A

hyponatraemia, hypokalameia

74
Q

symptoms of Bartter syndrome

A

hypokalaemia
alkalosis
hypotension

75
Q

difference between T1, T2, T3 RTA

A

T1: distal tubule
T2: proximal
T3: both

76
Q

liver enzyme results in NAFLD

A

inc AST, ALT, GGT
AST: ALT <1
bilirubin and albumin normal

77
Q

what is pseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

resistance to PTH

high PTH and P but low Ca

78
Q

signs of homocystinuria

A

fair skin
brittle hair
developmental delay

79
Q

signs of PKU

A

fair hair
developmental delay
eczema and seiures

80
Q

Maple syrup urine disease signs

A

organic aciduria
sweet odour
sweaty feet

81
Q

what is Fabry’s disease?

A

lysosomal storage disease
alpha-galactosidase
developmental delay
Cherry red spot

82
Q

urea cycle symptoms

A

encephalopathy and neuro symptoms

83
Q

symptoms of peroxismal disorder

A

seizures
dysmorphic features
severe muscle hypotonia

84
Q

phenytoin toxicity symptoms

A

hypotension
heart block
arrhythmias
ataxia

85
Q

digoxin OD

A 
tiredness
abdo pain
confusion
PR interval prolonged
bradycardia
86
Q

Theophylline OD

A 
nausea
diarrhoea
tachycardia
headaches
seizures
87
Q

Procainamide toxicity

A

rash
fever
agranulocytosis

88
Q

how does carbamezepine cause hyponatraemia?

A

stimulates vasopressin

89
Q

what are the SIADH criteria?

A

2 in blood 2 in urine, 3 exclusion

  1. 2 in blood: low Na, hypo-osmolality
  2. 2 high in urine: high urinary Na, high urinary osmolality
  3. 3 exclusions: no renal/adrenal/cardiac disease, no hypovolaemia, no contributing drugs
90
Q

pseusohypoparathyroidism syndrome?

physical signs

A

Albright’s osetodystrophy
physical signs: short height, short 4th/5th metacarpals, decreased IQ, endocrinopathies
(mum mutation)

91
Q

pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

similar physical features to pseudo
but no biochemical abnormality of Ca
(dad mutation)

92
Q

results of water deprivation test in craniogenic DI, nephrogenic DI

A

Craniogenic: dilute urine (<300) but concentrated after desmopressin (>800)
Nephrogenic: dilute urine before and after desmopressin

93
Q

Koebner’s phenomian

A

appearance of psoriasis plaques at site of injury

94
Q

normal osmolar gap

A

<10 mmol/L

95
Q

what would cause a high osmolar gap?

A

think additional solutes

e.g. ethanol, methanol, acetone

96
Q

features of tyrosinaemia

A 
Quebec
FTT
bloody stool
lethargy
jaundice
cabbage like odor
97
Q

what is the ALP in myeloma and why?

A

direct osteoclast activation by cytokines

no osteoblasts = no raised ALP

98
Q

what is the mutation in CVID?

99
Q

what is Felty’s syndrome?

A

RA and splenomegaly

100
Q

what does cANCA go against?

A

proteinase 3

101
Q

proteins that antibodies are against in MS

A

myelin basic protein

proteolipid protein

102
Q

what is the autoantibody in AIHA?

A

Ab against Rh antigen

103
Q

what is the T cell target in RA?

A

synovial membrane antigens

104
Q

how does cyclophosphamide work?

A

alkylates DNA
prevents replication
affects B cells more than T

105
Q

what is Abatcept?

A

CTLA-Ig fusion protein

treatment of RA

106
Q

what does mycophenolate mofetil do?

A

impaired guanine synthesis

107
Q

what does Basilixumab tatget?

A

against IL-2alpha (CD25)

108
Q

what is the target of Efalizumab

A

antibody against CD11 alpha on T cells
inhibits migration
treatment of psoriasis

109
Q

what is the pathology of Lupus nephritis?

A

deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 in sub endothelial segment of glomerular BM

110
Q

what does the AIRE in thymus do?

A

presents T cells with range of organ specific antigen

111
Q

what is the cause of autosomal recessive SCID?

A

ADA deficiency

112
Q

Ab in Pemphigus

A

Abs against demoglein 1 and 3 (cadherins)

113
Q

Ab in pemphigoid

A

Ab to hemidesmosomes

114
Q

what is a T3SR?

A

targeting antigens not fixed to cell surface

115
Q

immunology of EEA

A

immune complex of Ab and inhaled antigen

deposition in walls of alveoli

116
Q

process of a T4SR

A
  1. macrophages present antigen
  2. CD4 recognise peptide and bind
  3. causes macrophages to release IL-12
    = production of memory CD4+ T cells of Th1
117
Q

what do memory T cells release? leads to what?

A

IFN-gamma, IL2, IL3

these activate macrophages that then produce TNF-alpha

118
Q

what is an autograft?

A

transplant of tissues tp same patient

e.g. CABG

119
Q

what does gp41 do?

A

stabilised attachement

120
Q

what does the gag protein do?

A

provides infrastructural support for HIV

121
Q

what is adalimumab?

A

fully human monoclonal Ab to TNF-alpha

122
Q

nucleolar pattern

A

anti-RNA polymerase

= underlying systemic sclerosis

123
Q

cytokine in systemic sclerosis

124
Q

what is anti-IA2?

A

antibody to tyrosine phosphatase in T1DM

125
Q

what is the type of hepatits in AI hepatitis?

A

interface hepatitis

Cross reference - year 5 (22 decks)

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