Last Flashcards

0
Q

Which 2 molecules are needed to form a lactase synthetase complex, essential for milk sugar synthesis to convert glucose to lactose?

A

alpha-lactalbumin and galactosyltransferase

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1
Q

At what weeks of gestation are CVS and amniocentesis performed?

A

CVS - 10-12wks

Amniocentesis - over 15 wks

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2
Q

What is a cystocele?

A

The bladder herniates into the vagina due to a tear of the tough fibrous wall during childbirth.

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3
Q

What is the alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2 = PiO2 - (PaCO2/RQ (=0.8))

PAO2 - PaO2 should be less than 1.5 with adequate exchange.

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4
Q

How do superoxide radicals cause vascular damage?

A

React with NO to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO) which reduces NO available (therefore vasoconstriction) and damages in its own right.

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5
Q

What is the name of the most common high grade Intraepithelial neoplasia in the epidermis?

A

Bowen’s disease

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6
Q

What are the 3 basophilic cell types in the ant pit?

A

Corticotrophs, Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs

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7
Q

Before how many weeks gestation is considered preterm?

A

37

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8
Q

What is fetal fibronectin and what is its leakage a sign of?

A

A glycoprotein ‘glue’ that binds the chorion to the decidua. Sign of preterm delivery

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9
Q

Which muscles are found in the deep perineal pouch?

A

Deep transverse perineal muscle,
External urethral sphincter
Compressor urethrae
Urethrovaginal sphincter

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10
Q

What muscles are found in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscle, ischiocavnosus and bulbospongiosus

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11
Q

What is measured as a tumour marker of ovarian cancer?

A

CD125

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12
Q

What scale is used for pubertal rating?

A

Tanner scale

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13
Q

Which proto-oncogene mutation is associated with MEN2?

A

RET gene

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14
Q

What does a mutation in the APC tumour suppressor gene lead to?

A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

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15
Q

Approx how many days does spermatogenesis take?

A

64

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16
Q

What do the paramesonephric and mesonephric ducts become in each gender?

A

Mesonephric - epididymis and ductus deferens/degenerates in female
Paramesonephric - degenerate in male/uterine tubes and fuse to form uterus

17
Q

What is the equivalent of a male germ cell seminoma in a female?

A

Dysgerminoma

18
Q

What are 2 tumour markers of non-seminomatous tumours (usually only found in embryo)

A

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and b-hCG

19
Q

What is the tumour marker for seminomas?

A

Placental alkaline phosphate (PLAP)

20
Q

What is the tumour marker for prostate cancer?

A

PSA - prostate specific antigen

21
Q

State 4 circumstances under which autoantibodies may form

A

Failure to delete self-reactive T cells in the thymus
Tissue damage uncovers a nemo antigen that the immune system doesn’t recognise as ‘self’
Tissue damage provides a ‘danger’ signal that acts as a co-stimulatory signal to the CD4 cells
Loss of regulatory T cells that normally control CD4 cells

22
Q

State 4 ways in which autoantibodies damage tissues

A

Complement-mediated lysis - AABs bind and allow complement fixation
Opsonisation - AABs bind and trigger phagocytosis
Alteration of receptors - up or down regulation
Deposition of immune complexes - leads to complement activation

23
Q

What 4 things are patients on dialysis additionally given?

A

Phosphate binders (calcium, aluminium etc)
Active Vit D
EPO
Antihypertensives

24
Q

What is ‘corrected conc of Ca’?

A

What the Ca would be if the plasma conc of albumin was normal. Allows for estimate of free Ca based upon measurement of total Ca.

25
Q

State four situations where ICSI is useful.

A

Low sperm count or motility
Abnormal morphology
Previous IVF with no or low fertilisation
Frozen/testicular/epididymal sperm

26
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Incorrect number of chromosomes

27
Q

What are the two methods of freezing embryos?

A

Slow: 15-20% pregnancy rate, no option to freeze eggs
Vitrification: 95% survive, much higher pregnancy rate

28
Q

What are the layers of the spermatic cord, from sup to deep?

A
Ext spermatic fascia (EO)
Cremaster muscle and fascia (IO and TA)
Internal spermatic fascia (TA fascia)
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vasculosa
29
Q

From which three sources is the arterial supply of the adrenal gland?

A

Inf phrenic
Lateral branch of ab aorta
Renal artery

30
Q

By which three arteries is the prostate supplied?

A

Inf vesical
Middle rectal
Pudendal

31
Q

What are the three fascias layers of post ab wall?

A

Thoracolumbar,
Psoas
Transversalis

32
Q

Which muscle covers each crus of the penis?

A

Ischiocavernosus

33
Q

What are the three parts that make up the adenohypophysis? Where are they each?

A
Pars distalis (main body)
Pars intermedia (between ant and post lobe)
Pars tuberalis (stalk)
34
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Aggregations of neurosecretory vesicles in the post pit.

35
Q

What do each of the layers of adrenal cortex look like histologically?

A

G - closely packed small round cells
F - large cells arranged in cords
R - small, darkly staining cells

36
Q

To which dermatomes is kidney pain referred?

A

T10-11

37
Q

What type of epithelium forms the thyroid follicles?

A

Simple cuboidal

38
Q

Where is the thyroid ima artery?

A

Runs up from brachiocephalic to thyroid, not always present

39
Q

What are the 5 ligaments between lumbar vertebrae?

A
Ant longitudinal (down ant surfaces)
Post longitudinal
Interspinous (between spinous processes)
Supraspinous (between tips of spines)
Ligamentum flavum (between each lamina)