LAST Flashcards
characterized by difficulties in understanding social interaction; difficulty interpreting other people’s emotional expression
ASPERGERS
High-frequency sound waves directed at the mother’s abdomen produce a picture of fetus in uterus.
ULTRASOUND
genetic disorder in which the male has an extra Y chromosome
XYY SYNDROME
Brain damage, cataracts, jaundice, enlarged liver, kidney damage, if a galactosemic infant is
given milk, unmetabolized milk sugars build up and damage the liver, eyes, kidneys and brain
TAY SACHS
zygote travels to the uterus and attached itself to it; rapid cell division occurs; lasting only for 2 weeks
GERMINAL STAGE/ PERIOD OF ZYGOTE
is dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle
GESTATIONAL
major systems, organs & structure of the body develop; in 3 to 8 week
EMBRYONIC STAGE / PERIOD OF EMBRYO
reflexes emerged; health can be affected by mother’s diet, health, age or substance use
FETAL STAGE / PERIOD OF FETUS
It is the foundation of later development(heredity)
PRENATAL PERIOD
Sex is fixed
PRENATAL PERIOD
Latin, meaning “near to far,”
PROXIMODISTAL
Latin, meaning “head to tail,”
CEPHALOCAUDAL
is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of humans & other mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn; it is known to contain immune cells, lymphocytes & antibodies
COLOSTRUM
an intervention involving extended skin-to-skin contact, has been theorized tohelp preemies (baby born prematurely) & full-term infants make the adjustment from fetal life to the
jumble of sensory stimuli in the outside world
KANGAROO CARE
can occur from as little as 5 seconds of shaking; shaken baby injuriesoften occur in children younger than 2 years old
SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME
unlearned organized involuntary responses occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
REFLEX
shortest period of all developmental stage
INFANCY STAGE
birth to one month
Rapid physical, growth and development
stable sleep and eating pattern is develop
INFANCY STAGE
Physical skills involving large body movement like waving the arms, walking &
jumping; as infant gain muscle strength they start to wiggle, attempting to move forward by pushing
their arms shoulder & upper body against the surface they are on
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
small body movements w/ the hands & fingers like picking up a coin to drawing;
deliberate movements babies can reach for, grab & hold onto most any object that is right size bottle,
rattle etc…
FINE MOTOR SKILLS
Beginning to have emotional relationships with primary care givers
INFANCY STAGE
need stimulating and socializing experiences for him to become intellectual and sociable person
INFANCY STAGE
The sense of confidence is established when the infant gains a feeling that caregivers on whom they
depend to fulfill their needs and are dependable.
INFANCY STAGE
Erikson has thought about trust vs. mistrust to be the psychosocial crisis during this period
INFANCY STAGE
1 month to 3 years old
BABYHOOD STAGE
Increased motor development and physical autonomy; child still lacks skill and judgment, limitations are
recommended for his own safety since accidents are very common.
BABYHOOD STAGE
Learning to eat solid food.
BABYHOOD STAGE
Physical autonomy may result in clashes with parental authority.
BABYHOOD STAGE
Critical period, time when all foundations of adult personality are laid
BABYHOOD STAGE
Learn to express will and independence & make choices if not they experience shame and doubt
BABYHOOD STAGE
(autonomy vs shame and doubt, Erikson
BABYHOOD STAGE
The child now knows the meaning & value of word/s such as “no” & starts using them frequently.
Frustration, resulting in temper tantrums is common.
BABYHOOD STAGE
curiosity increases, but verbal & intellectual abilities lag far behind motor development
BABYHOOD STAGE
Piaget’s Concepts of Cognitive Development
REPRESENTATIONAL ABILITY
CIRCULAR REACTIONS
DEFERRED IMITATION
Piaget’s term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects &events ; the ability to mentally represent objects & actions in memory, largely through symbols such as
words, numbers & mental pictures different from schemes- an organized patterns of thought and
behavior used in particular situations.
REPRESENTATIONAL ABILITY
-Piaget’s term for processes by w/c an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance ex. An action gets a response from another person or
object, leading to baby’s repeating original action or baby squeezes rubber duct so that duck squeaks
CIRCULAR REACTIONS
Piaget’s term referring to a more complex ability requiring long-term memory; it is the reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time.
DEFERRED IMITATION
is a type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response
HABITUATION
Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus
DISHABITUATION
Is of fundamental importance to social interaction, language acquisition, and the understanding of
others’ intentions and mental states
JOINT ATTENTION
develops between 10 and 12 months, when babies follow an adults’ gaze by looking or pointing in the same direction
JOINT ATTENTION
refers to mutual interactions with adults that help structure children’s activities and bridge the gap between a child’s understanding and an adult’s.
GUIDED PARTICIPATION
refers to social dimensions of being male or female. It is acquired by 3 years of age to most
children
GENDER
tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another
VISUAL PREFERENCE
set of expectations that prescribe how female or male should think, act and feel. Both cognitive development and gender schema theories emphasize the role of cognition in gender
development.
GENDER ROLE
TYPES OF PARENTING
Authoritarian parents
Permissive
Authoritative
Uninvolved or neglecting parents
controlling, punitive, rigid and cold; their word is law and they value strict, unquestioning obedience.
AUTHORITARIAN
also called indulgent or nondirective parent; provide lax and inconsistent feedback; require little of their children; place little or no limit or control on their children’s behavior
PERMISSIVE
firm, setting clear and consistent limit; loving and emotionally supportive parents; take time to explain things to their children
AUTHORITATIVE
no interest, rejecting & indifferent to their child; detached
emotionally
UNINVOLVED OR NEGLECTING PARENTS
4 Important Dimensions of Parenting
Disciplinary strategies
Warmth and nurturance
Communication styles
Expectations of maturity and control
is a centuries-old Hindu ceremony that honors a woman’s first pregnancy.
Godh Bharan
has become more celebratory than protective in nature
Godh Bharan
ceremonies and others like it have increasingly come to resemble American baby showers
Godh Bharan
The single cell formed from separate sperm and egg cells at conception; when two single
cells one from a male and the other from a female join together to form a new cell
Zygote
The cell released monthly from a woman’s ovaries, which, if fertilized, forms the basis for the
developing organism.
Ovum
down which the ovum travels to the uterus and in which conception usually occurs.
Uterus
These cells, unlike all other cells of the body, contain only 23
chromosomes rather than 23 pairs. The only cells that do not contain 46 chromosomes are the sperm
and the ovum, collectively
GAMETES
is the chemical of which chromosomes are composed.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
is released from an ovary roughly midway between two menstrual periods.
OVUM
process in which gametes divide as all other cells do
MITOSIS
The first step in the development of a human being
CONCEPTION
he failure to conceive after 12 consecutive months of unprotected intercourse
INFERTILITY
A uniquely coded segment of DNA in a chromosome that affects one or more specific body
processes or developments; the string of DNA that makes up each chromosome can be subdivided
further into segments
GENES
Term describing the genetic pattern when the two genes in the pair at any given
genetic locus both carry the same instructions.
HOMOZYGOUS
Term describing the genetic pattern when the two genes in the pair at any given
genetic locus carry different instructions, such as a gene for blue eyes from one parent and a gene for
brown eyes from the other parent.
HETEROZYGOUS
The pattern of characteristics and developmental sequences mapped in the genes of any
specific individual, which will be modified by individual experience into the phenotype.
GENOTYPE
The expression of a particular set of genetic information in a specific environment; the
observable result of the joint operation of genetic and environmental influences.
PHENOTYPE
The phenotype is a product of three things
the genotype, environmental influences from the time of conception onward,and the interaction between the two
The pattern of genetic transmission in which a single
dominant gene influences a person’s phenotype, but an individual must have two recessive genes to
express a recessive trait.
Dominant/Recessive pattern of inheritance
Any pattern of genetic transmission in which multiple genes
contribute to the outcome, such as is presumed to occur for complex traits such as intelligence or
temperament.
Polygenic Pattern of Inheritance
The pattern of genetic transmission in which both genes and
environment influence the phenotype.
Multifactorial Pattern Of Inheritance
a term that simply means that the same gene may be expressed differently in two
individuals who have it.
Expressivity
in which some genes are biochemically marked at the time ova and sperm develop in the bodies of potential mothers and fathers
Genomic Imprinting
children inherit genes located outside the nucleus of the zygote
Mitochondrial Inheritance
These genes are carried in structures called —- that are found in the fluid that surrounds the nucleus of the ovum before it is fertilized.
Mitochondria
Children carried in the same pregnancy but who develop from two separately fertilized ova. They are no more alike genetically than other pairs of siblings.
Fraternal (dizygotic) Twins
Children carried in the same pregnancy who develop from the same fertilized ovum. They are genetic clones of each other.
Identical (monozygotic) Twins
the first stage of prenatal development, beginning at conception and ending at implantation of the zygote in the uterus (approximately the first 2 weeks).
germinal stage
Name for the mass of cells from roughly 4 to 10 days after fertilization
Blastocyst
The name given to the developing organism during the period of prenatal development between about 2 weeks and 8 weeks after conception, beginning with implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.
Embryo
The second stage of prenatal development, from week 2 through week 8, when the embryo’s organs form.
Embryonic stage
The sac, or bag, filled with liquid in which the embryo/fetus floats during prenatal life
Amnion
The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst during prenatal development, from which both the placenta and the umbilical cord are formed.
Chorion
An organ that develops between the fetus and the wall of the uterus during gestation.
Placenta
The cord connecting the embryo/fetus to the placenta, containing two arteries and
one vein.
Umbilical cord
The name given to the developing organism from about 8 weeks after conception until birth.
fetus
The third stage of prenatal development, from week 8 to birth, when growth and organ
refinement take place
fetal stage
The fetus’s capacity for survival outside the womb.
viability
The cells in the nervous system that are responsible for transmission and reception of
nerve impulses.
neurons
The rapid development of neurons between the 10th and 18th week of gestation.
neuronal proliferation
The movement of neurons to specialized regions of the brain
neuronal migration
The part of the cell that contains the nucleus and in which all the cell’s vital functions are
carried out.
CELL BODY
Tiny spaces across which neural impulses flow from one neuron to the next
Synapses
Tail-like extensions of neurons.
Axons
Branchlike protrusions from the cell bodies of neurons.
Dendrites
appears between the 10th and 15th week. Its presence signals the beginning of sleep
stages in the fetal brain
Fetal yawning
The “glue” that holds neurons together to give form to the structures of the nervous system.
glial cells
Substances such as viruses and drugs or events that can cause birth defects.
Teratogens
involves insertion of a tiny camera into the womb to directly observe fetal development
Fetoscopy
is a condition in which an individual has three copies of a particular autosome.
trisonomy
