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H&N > Larynx, Pharynx &Oesophagus > Flashcards

Larynx, Pharynx &Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

The pharynx Extends from

A

the base of
skull to level of C6 vertebra(inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

The pharynx is divided into

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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3
Q

Ant. The pharynx is connected to

A

to the nose (called choanae)
to the mouth,
to the larynx (voice box).
through a tube called the auditory tube, the inner lining of the pharynx is also connected to the mucous membrane inside the middle ear cavity.(tympanic cavity)

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4
Q

Thenasopharynxis found between

A

the base of the skull and the soft palate

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5
Q

Function of nasopharynx

A

performs a respiratory function by conditioning inspired air and propagating it into the larynx.

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6
Q

The nasopharynx is linned with what epithelial cell

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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7
Q

Specified location of the nasopharynx

A

 Posterior to nasal cavity
Inferior to sphenoid
bone
 Superior to level of soft
palate

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8
Q

Closed off during swallowing by the soft
palates’ uvula And contains pharyngeal tonsils

A
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9
Q

The posterosuperior nasopharynx contains the____ tonsils, which enlarge between years of age and then regress.

A

adenoid
3-8

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10
Q

Location of the Oro pharynx

A

 Postreior to the oral cavity
Extends inferiorly from level of the soft
palate to level of the
epiglottis

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11
Q

Functions of the Oro pharynx

A

Air passes through
Involved in voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing

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12
Q

Epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

The Oro pharynx contain contains

A

Lymphoid Palatine and Lingual tonsil
1/3rd of the tongue
Sup. Constrictor muscles

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14
Q

The lateral wall is formed by

A

the thyroid cartilage
and the
thyrohyoid membrane.

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15
Q

laryngopharynxis located @

A

between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6).

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16
Q

Where’s piriform fossae found

A

lat. to laryngeal inlet

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17
Q

What type of muscles are at the laryngopharynx

A

Middle & inf. Pharyngeal constrictor( Thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus)

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18
Q

What are the 4 groups of tonsils in the pharynx

A

Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal

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19
Q

What are the classes of muscles in the pharynx

A

Circular– Sup. Mid. Inf. Constructor muscles
Longitudinal– Stylopharyngeus & Salpingopharyngeus

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20
Q

Whats the motor innervation of the circular muscles

A

Sup.(located@ oropharynx) = vagus & glossopharyngeal N
Mid.(laryngopharynx), Inf.(thyrophageous & cricopharyngeus)(Laryngopharynx)= vagus N

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21
Q

The longitudinal muscle receives motor innervation from

A

Stylo pharyngeal:the glossopharyngeus nerve (cranial nerve IX).
Palato pharyngeus & Salpingo pharyngeusfrom the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

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22
Q

Sensory innervation in the pharyngeal mucous membrane

A

Nasal pharynx:The maxillary nerve (V2)
Oral pharynx: The glossopharyngeal nerve

Laryngeal pharynx: The internal laryngeal branch of the vagus
nerve

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23
Q

What’s the blood supply ti the pharynx

A

Arterial supply to the pharynx is via branches of theexternal carotidartery via
Ascending pharyngeal artery

Tonsil Branches of the facial artery

Branches of the lingual and maxillary arteries.

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24
Q

Venous drainage if the pharynx is achieved by

A

thepharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into the internal jugular vein.

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25
Q

Adenoid hypertrophy

A

Obligatory mouth breathers
Affect the ear

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26
Q

LARYNX

A
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27
Q

Location of the larynx

A

It is situated below the tongue and hyoid bone
and btw the great blood vessels of the neck
and lies at the level
of C4 to C6

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28
Q

The
larynx is covered in front
by the

A

infrahyoid strap muscles and at sides by
the thyroid gland

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29
Q

The cartilage of the larynx consists of

A

9 cartilage
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis one each
Arytenoid, corniculte, cuneiform 2 each

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30
Q

is composed of two sheets (_______), which join anteriorly to form the

A

Laminae
Laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)

31
Q

The posterior border of each sheet project superiorly and inferiorly to form thesuperiorandinferior horns(also known as cornu)

The superior horns are connected to _________ while the inferior horns articulate with_____.

A

Hyoid bone via Lat. Thyrohoid lig.
Cricoid cartilage

32
Q

The cricoid cartilage is a complete circle
Articulating sup. With ______ & pst/inf with ______

A

inf. Conus/horn of thyroid cartilage
with the paired arytenoid cartilages

33
Q

_________ is a leaf-shaped lamina of elastic cartilage lies
behind the root of the tongue
It’s stalk is attached to ____ back of the thyroid

A

Epiglottis

34
Q

The sides
of the epiglottis are attached to the

A

arytenoid cartilages by the aryepiglottic folds of
mucous membrane.

35
Q

The epiglottis mucous membrane extends onto the tongue as a fold in the middle called and on the sides called

These folds and extensions help to form different parts of the throat and create small depressions called .

A

(median glossoepiglottic fold)
(lateral glossoepiglottic fold)
vallecula

36
Q

______ cartilage are triangular in shape and come in pairs. connected to the upper edge of another cartilage called the .

A

Arytenoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage

37
Q

What are the 3 points of the arytenoid cartilage involved in

A

They have a top point, a front point involved in producing sound, and a large side point involved in muscle control.

38
Q

____ are two small conical-shape cartilage that articulate with arytenoid cartilage and gives attachment to _______

A

Corniculate cartilage
Aryepiglottic folds

39
Q

_________ are the 2 small rod shaped cartilage found in the aryepiglottic fold and strengthen them

A

Cuneiform cartilage

40
Q

The vocal fold is composed of ____ fibres and run from _______ to____________

A

Elastic fiber
Arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

41
Q

The force or strength of the air we exhale determines the _____ sound produced and ______ play’s a role in producing different pitches or tones.

A

Volume
The length and tension of the vocal cords also

42
Q

What’s the sensory innervation of the larynx above and below the vocal cords

A

Above = internal laryngeal branch of sup. laryngeal branch of the vagus
Below = Recurrent laryngeal N

43
Q

Whtas the motor innervation of the larynx

A

All intrinsic muscle of the larynx except cricothyroid muscle is supplied by supplied by the
Recurrent
Laryngeal nerve

The cricothyroid muscle is supplied by
the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of vagus

44
Q

What’s the blood supply to the larynx

A

Upper half: Sup. Laryngeal branch of d Sup. Thyroid artery
Lower half: Inf. Laryngeal branch of the Inf. Thyroid artery

45
Q

The oesophagus

A
46
Q

The oesophagus begin @
Going down at the midline BT as it depends it moves to the ____

A

Cricoid cartilage @C6
The left

47
Q

What are the dimensions of the oesophagus

A

Length- 25cm
Cervical-4cm
Thoracic-20cm
Abdominal-1.25cm
Width-2cm

48
Q

The oesophagus is usually collapsed unless when eating or drinking

A
49
Q

Which part of the oesophagus is the narrowest

A

the beginning of the esophagus where it meets the pharynx (pharyngo-esophageal junction)

And where the oesophagus enters the diaphragm

50
Q

The trachea and esophagus initially form a single structure.

Two lateral septa (partitions) grow and divide this structure, giving rise to the trachea in the front and the esophagus at the back.

A
51
Q

the esophagus has four layers:
And it’s covered by

A

mucous membrane, sub-mucosa, muscle coat, and an outer fibrous layer
Thin loose CT

52
Q

the esophagus passes across completely to the left @ ____@___ vertebrae and then descends through the posterior mediastinum

A

the transverse part of the aortic arch (a major blood vessel),
T3-T4

53
Q

At the level of _______ , the esophagus pierces through the diaphragm

A

(T10)

54
Q

The esophagus ends at the _____, which is the upper part of the stomach, around the level of______.

A

cardiac end
(T11)

55
Q

What are the curvature of the oesophagus and locations

A

Antero-posterior curvatures: These curvatures align with the cervicaland thoracic curvatures of the spine

Lateral curvatures: there are 2 lat. Curvatures both lying to the left
1st @ the level of C6, which is at the base of the neck.
2nd between the T5 and T7 vertebrae, which are in the middle and upper back.

56
Q

The esophagus is the narrowest part of the digestive tract, except for the

A

vermiform appendix

57
Q

There are how many constrictions of the oesophagus and their location

A

4
B– Beginning of the oesophagus 6inches from incisors

A– Aortic arch = 9inches from incisors

L– Left bronchus = 11inches from incisors

D– Diaphragm = 15 inches from incisors

58
Q

These constrictions are important to consider when performing procedures like endoscopy in the esophagus.

A
59
Q

What are the sphincters of the oesophagus

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter– btw pharynx and oesophagus relates to cricopharyngeal muscle
Lower oesophageal sphincter– just below the diaphragmatic hiatus.

60
Q

Which sphincter is very important but not easily distinguishable

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

61
Q

What are the relations of the oesophagus

A

Ant. : trachea and recurrent
Laryngeal nerve assends on both sides beside the oesophagus via a groove

Pst. : Pre vertebral layer of deep cervical fascia, Longus coli & spine

Lat. : thyroid gland & carotid sheath

62
Q

What’s the blood supply to the oesophagus@ cervical part, thorax& abdominal part

A

Cervical= Inf. Thyroid artery
Thorax= oesophageal branch of the aorta
Abdominal= Left grastric artery & Branches of Splenic artery
The left gastric artery & Splenic artery supplies the pst. Part of the abdominal oesophagus

63
Q

What’s the venous drainage to the oesophagus

A

Upper part is brachiocephalic vein
Mid part is azygous vein
Lower part is left gastric vein

64
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus

A

Proximal 3rd is the deep cervical LN
Mid 3rd is the Sup. & Pst. Mediastinal N
Distal 3rd left gastric artery to the gastric and celiac LN

65
Q

What’s the Nerve supply to the oesophagus

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

                     Para The upper half of the esophagus is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve The lower half of the esophagus is supplied by the oesophageal plexus. This plexus is primarily formed by two vagus nerves

                       Symp The sympathetic nerve supply to the esophagus originates from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chain
66
Q

What’s the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the oesophagus

A

The sympathetic innervation helps regulate the sphincter tone and the relaxation of the esophageal wall, preventing reflux and ensuring proper swallowing.

Parasympathetic promotes the movement of food through the esophagus and the relaxation of the esophageal sphincters, facilitating digestion

67
Q

The most common congenital anomaly in the oesophagus is

A

Toracho oesophageal fistula
approximately 90% of
cases), the superior part of the oesophagus ends
in a blind pouch and the inferior part
communicates with the trachea.

68
Q

The most common presenting complaint of
cancer of the oesophagus which is not usually recognized
until the lumen is reduced by
The procedure to check is known as?

A

is dysphagia (difficulty
in swallowing),
30-50%.
Oesophagoscopy

69
Q

Enlightenment of what lymph nodes cna suggest oesophageal cancer

A

Enlargement of the inferior deep cervical lymphnodes also suggests oesophageal cancer

70
Q

Compression of the _____ nerves by
an oesophageal tumour produces Hoarsness

A

recurrent laryngeal

71
Q

The most common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) is

A

Heartburn or pyrosis
The pain may radiate to the neck, throat, orjaw

72
Q

What’s Achalasia Cardia

A

When someone with Achalasia Cardia eats, the lower end of the esophagus doesn’t open up properly to allow the food to pass into the stomach

73
Q

What’s Oesophageal varices
It can be caused by what dxs

A

Oesophageal varices are enlarged veins in the lower part of the oesophagus due to high pressure in the portal vein this can be caused by liver cirrhosis

H&N (8 decks)

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