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Anatomy and Physiology > Larynx Module > Flashcards

Larynx Module Flashcards

1
Q

The larynx is responsible for what 3 things

A

respiration, phonation, protection

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2
Q

number of cartilages in the laryngeal framework

A

9

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3
Q

how many cartilages in the laryngeal framework are paired

A

3

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4
Q

the largest cartilage in the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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5
Q

cartilage that forms the front and sides of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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6
Q

Thyroid ______ fuse together to create the ____ _____ in the middle. v-shaped

A

laminae, thyroid notch

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7
Q

another name for the Adam’s apple

A

Thyroid Prominence

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8
Q

Vocal cords attach to the inside of the ____ _____

A

thyroid notch

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9
Q

the lowest part of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

the ring that fully encircles the trachea

A

cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

the lower horns of the thyroid cartilage fit into the _____ cartilage to form a ______

A

cricoid, joint

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12
Q

Vocal folds attach here and aid in the movement of
them

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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13
Q

the arytenoid cartilages are articulated with the _______ ______

A

cricoid cartilage

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14
Q

cap the top of the arytenoids

A

corniculate cartilages

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15
Q

where the aryepiglottic fold inserts and how the nodule-shape in the fold is made

A

corniculate cartilages

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16
Q

supports the lateral aspects of the epiglottis and the vocal folds

A

cuneiform cartilages

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17
Q

move with the arytenoids and are located above and in front of the corniculate cartilages

A

cuneiform cartilages

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18
Q

the whiteish bulge through the mucosa when viewed laryngoscopically

A

cuneiform cartilages

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19
Q

cartilage positioned behind the hyoid bone and the base of the tongue

A

epiglottis

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20
Q

The epiglottis attaches to the inside of the ______ _____ just below the thyroid notch

A

thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

the only floating bone in the body

A

hyoid

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22
Q

the hyoid bone is protected by the ____ and the ____ ____

A

mandible and the cervical spine

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23
Q

_____ = horn of the hyoid bone

A

cornu

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24
Q

joins cricoid with thyroid cartilages

A

cricothyroid joint

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25
Q

the cricothyroid joint ____ and ______ to control the ______ of the vocal folds

A

rotates and glides to control the tension

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26
Q

changing the tension of the vocal folds affects what

A

pitch

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27
Q

joins the cricoid cartilage with arytenoids

A

cricoarytenoid joint

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28
Q

the cricoarytenoid joint _____ and ______ to ____, _____, and ____ the vocal folds

A

rocks and glides to open, close, and tighten

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29
Q

the only functionally mobile points in the larynx

A

the cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints

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30
Q

extends from the bottom of the cricoid cartilage to the laryngeal aditus (opening of the cavity of the larynx)

A

laryngeal cavity

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31
Q

The _____ _____ comprises the tops of arytenoid and corniculate cartilages, sides of epiglottis, and aryepiglottic folds

A

laryngeal cavity

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32
Q

The _______ ______ run between the arytenoid cartilages and epiglottis and envelop the aryepiglottic muscles and cuneiform cartilages

A

aryepiglottic folds

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33
Q

these structures sometimes can produce phonation and cause the growly sound in a jazz singers voice

A

aryepiglottic folds

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34
Q

The laryngeal vestibule is the hallway between the ______ _____ and the ______ ______

A

laryngeal aditus and the ventricular folds

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35
Q

space located between the true and false vocal cords that houses more than 60 mucous glands

A

laryngeal ventricle

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36
Q

vocal folds are comprised of what 5 layers

A

epithelium, superficial lamina propria, intermediate lp, deep lp, thyroarytenoid muscle

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37
Q

the free margin of VFs are approx. ___mm in men and ___mm in women

A

15, 12

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38
Q

Membranous portion of vfs (anterior) makes up ____ of the length

A

60%

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39
Q

Cartilaginous portion of vfs(posterior) makes up _____ of the length

A

40%

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40
Q

At rest, the posterior glottis is approximately _____ wide except during forced respiration

A

8 mm

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41
Q

Thyrohyoid membrane: spans between the thyroid cartilage and the ______ _______

A

hyoid bone

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42
Q

Hyo-epiglottic ligament: Connects the hyoid bone to the ______ aspect of the _____

A

anterior aspect of the epiglottis

43
Q

________ ligament: connects to the stalk of the epiglottis to the inside of the thyroid prominence (just below the notch)

A

Thyroepiglottic

44
Q

Cricothyroid ligament: originates from the cricoid cartilage and extends _______ where it terminates with a free unattached upper margin

A

superiorly

45
Q

cricothyroid membrane: upper free margin forms the vocal _______

A

ligament

46
Q

vocal ligament

A
47
Q

_______ ______ work as a unit to elevate and depress the entire larynx

A

extrinsic muscles

48
Q

have one point of attachment outside of the larynx

A

extrinsic muscles

49
Q

______ _______: responsible for elevating the larynx

A

suprahyoid muscles

50
Q

the _____ muscles contribute to the floor of the mouth which bridges the mandible and assist with chewing, swallowing, and speech

A

suprahyoid

51
Q

_____ ______: responsible for depressing the larynx

A

infrahyoid muscles

52
Q

only infrahyoid muscle that depresses the larynx by way of the thyroid cartilage

A

sternohyoid

53
Q

________ _______ work together to close, open, tense, and relax the larynx (specifically the vocal folds)

A

intrinsic muscles

54
Q

insertion and origin are both in the larynx (laryngeal cartilages)

A

intrinsic muscles

55
Q

the laryngeal ______ is the space going down into the larynx

A

inlet

56
Q

type of intrinsic muscle that controls the laryngeal inlet

A

sphincters

57
Q

type of intrinsic muscle that increases length and tension of vocal folds

A

tensors

58
Q

type of intrinsic muscle that decrease length and tension of vocal folds

A

muscles that relax

59
Q

type of intrinsic muscle that bring the vocal folds together

A

adductors

60
Q

type of intrinsic muscles that pulls the vocal folds apart

A

abductors

61
Q

only abductor muscle

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

62
Q

muscle that makes up the bulk of the vocal folds

A

thyroarytenoid muscle

63
Q

what happens perceptually when vocal cords get shorter

A

pitch gets deeper

64
Q

slack of vocal folds with reduced air flow causes what?

A

vocal fry

65
Q

The ______ is moved downward by elevation of the larynx

A

epiglottis

66
Q

the larynx needs good excursion. What is excursion

A

the ability to close everything off to prevent aspiration

67
Q

the larynx helps to control _________ and __________ pressures

A

thoracic and abdominal

68
Q

4 laryngeal control variables

A

glottal size and configuration, airway resistance, stiffness of vocal folds, and effective mass of vocal folds

69
Q

_____ ______ _____ is the opposition provided by the larynx to the mass flow of air through it. Provided by the vocal folds. Allows us to speak and helps us build up pressure

A

laryngeal airway resistance

70
Q

Increased stiffness of VFs= ______ frequency of vibration = a _______ pitch

A

increased, higher

71
Q

______ ______ can change the effective mass of the vocal folds

A

Medial compression

72
Q

this non-speech laryngeal function increases pressure for heaving, lifting, pushing, etc.

A

adduction

73
Q

The process by which the vocal folds produce sound

A

phonation

74
Q

Occurs by way of vocal fold approximation and air passing through to create vibration

A

phonation

75
Q

vocal folds coming together at the midline but not ALL the way together. Still leaves room for air to come through

A

vocal fold approximation

76
Q

the rate of vibration of vocal folds

A

frequency

77
Q

The amount of air passing through out vocal chords dictates _____

A

intensity

78
Q

intensity is perceptually registered as _______

A

loudness

79
Q

5 steps to the production of speech

A
  1. vocal folds adduct
  2. air pressure increases in tracheal airspace
  3. abrupt release of adductory force followed by abrupt release of tracheal pressure
  4. rapid flow of air through the glottis and generation of turbulence noise
  5. air is shaped by structure in the oral and nasal cavities
80
Q

during vocal fold vibrations, the medial surface of the vocal folds separate at the ________ first and return to midline at the ______ first

A

bottom, bottom

81
Q

the wave-like motion of the vocal cords during vibration is referred to as mucosal wave or ______ ______ _____

A

vertical phase difference

82
Q

High ________ pressure pushes vocal folds away from the midline creating a convergent glottis

A

intraglottal

83
Q

3 theories of phonation

A

neurochronaxic theory, myoelastic-aerodynamic theory, cover-body theory

84
Q

the earliest theory of phonation which hypothesized that vibration occurred as a result of pulsed muscular contractions. Gave total control to the nervous system

A

the neurochronaxic theory

85
Q

theory of phonation proposed by Van Den Berg. The vibration occurs as a result of tissue elasticity and the Bernoulli effect

A

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

86
Q

Theory of phonation proposed by Titze. the tissues of the VFs are loosely bound and therefore oscillate freely to produce vibrations.

A

Cover-body theory

87
Q

the rate and quality of vocal fold vibration is influenced by what 4 qualities

A

elasticity, mass, stiffness, and strength/amount of airflow

88
Q

Vocal fold vibration does not necessarily occur as a neurological event and is largely ______

A

passive

89
Q

To increase vocal intensity of phonation, the speaker must increase the ________ ________ through the muscles of _______

A

medial compression, medial compression

90
Q

The larynx descends in your throat until you are about ___

A

20

91
Q

The larynx continues to _____ throughout your life

A

grow

92
Q

Fundamental frequency _______ across infancy and childhood in both boys and girls

A

decreases

93
Q

Fundamental frequency is related to vocal fold mass which is related to overall size (mostly height) and angle of the _____ cartilage (shaper angle in males)

A

thyroid cartilage

94
Q

As we age, a breathy/raspy/creaky voice can come from a lack of _______ _______ which allows more air through

A

medial compression

95
Q

5 examples of pathologies to your vocal folds

A

polyps, nodules, cysts, growths, and tumors

96
Q

If one vocal fold was paralyzed but the other did not, the voice would be very ______

A

breathy

97
Q

1 treatment for vocal fold paralysis/weakness

A

injecting collagen into the paralyzed vocal fold so that it will swell to midline

98
Q

Makes someone’s voice sound incredibly shaky and hoarse. Voice sounds like it is dropping out while they are speaking

A

Spasmodic Dysphonia

99
Q

treatment for spasmodic dysphonia

A

injecting botox into the muscles of the vocal cords causing the spasms to weaken.

100
Q

most superior structure of the larynx

A

hyoid bone

101
Q

when the thyroarytenoid muscle contracts and the arytenoids rock forward just enough to have adduction in the middle but the bottom is open to allow some vibration

A

medial compression

102
Q

which muscle is on the back of the larynx and is an x shape

A

oblique arytenoid

103
Q

when there is some kind of change and the body is freaking out a little bit and forces you to take a breath

A

drive to breathe

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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