Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Flashcards
4 cavities of the vocal tract
oral, nasal, buccal, pharyngeal
Source Filter theory states that a ______ ______ is generated by the vocal folds, routed through the ______ _____, and shaped into _________ _______.
voicing source, vocal tract, speech sounds
The vocal tract consists of the _____ ______, _______, and _______ ______
oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity
In the Source-Filter theory, _____ comes from lungs, ______ comes from vocal folds, ______ comes from vocal tract
power, source, filter
the maxilla or maxillary bone is really ______ bone fused into 1
2
this bone makes up the upper jaw and cannot move
maxilla
the lower jaw bone
mandible
The temporomandibular joint: The condyle of the _______ fits into a cavity in the ________ ________, separated by an articular disk
mandible, temporal bone
The TMJ is surrounded by a ________ ________ and lubricated with synovial fluid
fibrous capsule
Movements of the TMJ
- Close and create an occlusion
- Lower to open mouth
- Move forward (create underbite)
- Rock side to side
4 types of teeth
Incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars
Incisors are __ teeth designed for ______-
8, cutting
teeth also known as canines or eye teeth
cuspids
cuspids are ___ teeth designed for ________
4, tearing
bicuspids are ___ teeth designed for __________
8, cutting
molars are ____ teeth designed for_______
grinding and pulverizing
how many teeth does an adult with all their teeth have
32
how many teeth does the average adult have
28
other names for baby teeth
deciduous or milk teeth
number of baby teeth
20
Source Filter theory is dependent upon ________ to shape the acoustic output from the vocal folds
cavities
Oral Cavity: Extends from the opening in the front to the _______ ______ posteriorly
faucial pillars
the arches that separate the oral cavity from the oropharynx
faucial pillars
Anterior and posterior faucial pillars: between these are the _________ _______
palatine tonsils
the oral cavity is bordered superiorly by the _______ ______
hard palate
the movable muscle mass that separates the oral cavity from the nasal
cavity
Soft palate (aka velum)
the soft palate is the __________ extension of the hard palate
muscular
makes up the lateral margins of the oral cavity
alveolar ridge
means curtain
velum
parts of the tongue labelled anterior to posterior
tip, blade, dorsum, root
Central mass of the tongue that underlies the surface features
body
lies lateral to the oral cavity
buccal cavity
Comprised the space between the teeth and cheeks of the face
buccal cavity
the buccal cavity is bound by the _____ laterally, the _______ anteriorly, and the ______ medially
cheeks, lips, teeth
Nasal Cavity: bound by the _____ and ______
nares, soft palate
The floor of the nasal cavity is the _______ of the oral cavity.
hard palate
The pharyngeal cavity is also known as the _______
Pharynx
3 sections of the pharyngeal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
where is the adenoid
nasal cavity
the adenoid is also known as the
pharyngeal tonsils or nasopharyngeal tonsil
paired depressions in the oropharynx
located anterior to the epiglottis and
posterior to the base of the tongue.
The epiglottic valleculae
type of muscles do not have attachments outside of the tongue
intrinsic
Primarily responsible for altering the size and shape of the tongue.
intrinsic muscles
muscles that anchor the tongue to structures in the head and neck.
extrinsic
muscles responsible for altering the position of the tongue
extrinsic
another name for the ear canal
external auditory meatus
another name for the eardrum
tympanic membrane
parts of the outer ear
pinna, external auditory meatus, outer layer of the tympanic membrane
parts of the middle ear
inner layer of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and various ligaments and muscles
parts of the inner ear
vestibular apparatus, cochlea, and the auditory nerve
3 ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
Tensor Tympani and stapes muscle _____ the ossicular chain when they _______
stiffen, contract
nicknames for the malleus, incus, and stapes
hammer, anvil, stirrup
The base of the stapes is located in the
depression known as the ________.
oval window
The oval window and round window
create the _________ from the middle
ear space to the inner ear space
boundary
The round window vibrates in _______
phase to vibrations than the oval
window which allows fluid in the
________ to move
opposite, cochlea
Every structure prior to the ________________ are considered
part of the conductive hearing
mechanism
oval and round windows
Contraction of the _________ is the muscular component of the acoustic reflex, an “automatic” response of the auditory system to intense sound
stapedius muscle
The ______________ works to equalize pressure of the middle ear to the
EAM
Eustachian Tube
the part of the ear
that contains the organs of hearing
and balance
Bony Labyrinth
The bony labyrinth is divided into
what three sections
the vestibule, the
semicircular canals, and the
cochlea.
The Vestibular System (the part
involved with balance/equilibrium) is
made up of
the vestibule and
the semicircular canals.
the end organ of
hearing
organ of corti
The organ of Corti sits atop the _________ and contains the hair cells
and other supporting structures
basilar membrane
_____________________ are the sensory cells of the auditory system.
Cochlear hair cells
A stiff structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear which
separates the scala media and the scala tympani along the coil of
the cochlea
basilar membrane
The basilar membrane is a ________________ (like strings on an instrument) and varies in
width and stiffness.
resonant structure
central nervous system includes the ________ and __________
brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System consists of the ________ and _______ outside the brain and the spinal cord
nerves, ganglia
2 main divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
and the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
The central processing unit of the
body
the central nervous system
The outermost layer of the brain is the ______________ where our highest mental capabilities occur.
cerebral cortex
the central nervous system is protected by what 3 layers known as meninges
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
grey matter makes up what percent of the brain
40%
outermost meninges layer that lines the skull bones
Dura Mater
cushiony middle layer of meninges
Arachnoid Mater
the innermost layer of meninges that adheres to the surface of the brain and the spinal cord
Pia Mater
Largest and most developed division of the brain
Forebrain
division of the brain that helps regulate movement and process auditory and visual information
midbrain
division of the brain that helps to regulate autonomic functions, relay sensory information, coordinate movement, and maintain balance and equilibrium
hindbrain
parts of the hindbrain
Pons, cerebellum, and the medulla
the _________ is primarily responsible for muscle control related to movement and balance
cerebellum
5 lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
lobe of the brain responsible for thinking, memory, behavior, and movement
frontal lobe
lobe of the brain responsible for language and touch
parietal lobe
lobe of the brain responsible for sight
occipital lobe
lobe of the brain responsible for hearing, learning, and feelings
temporal
the brain stem is mainly responsible for _______, __________, and _________
breathing, heart rate, and temperature
the insula plays a role in _________ and may be involved with breathing and _________, emotions, and homeostatic emotions like _______
speech production, swallowing, hunger/pain/fatigue
parts of the brainstem
medulla, pons, and midbrain
acts unconsciously to regulate bodily functions by communicating with internal organs and glands
autonomic nervous system
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
responsible for the fight or flight response and wants to maintain homeostasis
sympathetic nervous system
responsible for the “rest and digest” response
parasympathetic nervous system
the somatic nervous system communicates with _______ organs and ________ muscles
sense, voluntary
the somatic nervous system is divided into what
sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nervous systems
mnemonic for remembering cranial nerves
oh oh oh, to touch and feel virgin girls’ vaginas and hymens
name the 12 cranial nerves in order
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
encircles the middle area of the brain which supplies blood flow from the arteries to both the front and back hemispheres of the brain
circle of willis
the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system
neuron
3 parts of the nerve cell
dendrites, axon, soma
neurons are insulated by ______-
myelin
glial cells support neurons but do not fire __________
action potentials
the cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus
soma
the output structure of a neuron
axon
where the neuron receives input from other cells
dendrites
the site of transmission of electrical nerve impulses between 2 cells
synapses
Nerve impulses are relayed by a
__________ from an axon to
a receiving dendrite of another
cell.
neurotransmitter
When material enters the airway but does not go below the true vocal folds (entering the
trachea)
penetration
The passing of material BELOW the true vocal folds, typically entering the lungs
aspiration
Material that remains following transport of a bolus
residue
A series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food
Peristalsis
When material is collected at some location in the swallowing mechanism due to an incomplete
swallow
pooling
where pooling typically occurs
valleculae or pyriform sinuses
Material that is collected in a space prior to a swallow being initiated
spillage
Material that remains in “pockets” of your swallowing mechanism- Typically refers to the oral cavity
pocketing
from top to bottom, the esophagus is made of what kinds of muscles
only striated, striated and smooth, and only smooth
the opening of the esophagus
upper esophageal sphincter
what does the esophagus do to help push food down
contract (peristalsis)
4 stages of the swallow in order
oral preparatory, oral transport, pharyngeal, esophageal
tongue tip elevates and squeezes the bolus against the hard palate. Posterior tongue regions progressively elevate and squeeze the bolus, moving it toward the pharynx. velum begins to elevate and upper esophageal sphincter begins to relax
oral transport phase
This phase is “triggered” when the bolus reaches
the posterior part of the oral cavity and is under
automatic control- Occurs very rapidly.
pharyngeal phase
5 variables that influence swallowing
Bolus characteristics
Current health status
Body position
Development
Aging
_________ boluses are associated with larger and
faster tongue movements, earlier and larger hyoid movements, larger pharyngeal and laryngeal movements, and earlier and longer openings of upper esophageal sphincter
larger
Laryngeal penetration occurs more frequently
with _______ bolus size
increased
The feeling of something stuck in the throat or chest after eating or drinking
globus sensation
3 types of swallow evaluations
bedside swallow evaluations, modified barium swallow study, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing
