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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

4 cavities of the vocal tract

A

oral, nasal, buccal, pharyngeal

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2
Q

Source Filter theory states that a ______ ______ is generated by the vocal folds, routed through the ______ _____, and shaped into _________ _______.

A

voicing source, vocal tract, speech sounds

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3
Q

The vocal tract consists of the _____ ______, _______, and _______ ______

A

oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity

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4
Q

In the Source-Filter theory, _____ comes from lungs, ______ comes from vocal folds, ______ comes from vocal tract

A

power, source, filter

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5
Q

the maxilla or maxillary bone is really ______ bone fused into 1

A

2

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6
Q

this bone makes up the upper jaw and cannot move

A

maxilla

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7
Q

the lower jaw bone

A

mandible

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8
Q

The temporomandibular joint: The condyle of the _______ fits into a cavity in the ________ ________, separated by an articular disk

A

mandible, temporal bone

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9
Q

The TMJ is surrounded by a ________ ________ and lubricated with synovial fluid

A

fibrous capsule

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10
Q

Movements of the TMJ

A
  1. Close and create an occlusion
  2. Lower to open mouth
  3. Move forward (create underbite)
  4. Rock side to side
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11
Q

4 types of teeth

A

Incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars

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12
Q

Incisors are __ teeth designed for ______-

A

8, cutting

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13
Q

teeth also known as canines or eye teeth

A

cuspids

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14
Q

cuspids are ___ teeth designed for ________

A

4, tearing

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15
Q

bicuspids are ___ teeth designed for __________

A

8, cutting

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16
Q

molars are ____ teeth designed for_______

A

grinding and pulverizing

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17
Q

how many teeth does an adult with all their teeth have

A

32

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18
Q

how many teeth does the average adult have

A

28

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19
Q

other names for baby teeth

A

deciduous or milk teeth

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20
Q

number of baby teeth

A

20

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21
Q

Source Filter theory is dependent upon ________ to shape the acoustic output from the vocal folds

A

cavities

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22
Q

Oral Cavity: Extends from the opening in the front to the _______ ______ posteriorly

A

faucial pillars

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23
Q

the arches that separate the oral cavity from the oropharynx

A

faucial pillars

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24
Q

Anterior and posterior faucial pillars: between these are the _________ _______

A

palatine tonsils

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25
Q

the oral cavity is bordered superiorly by the _______ ______

A

hard palate

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26
Q

the movable muscle mass that separates the oral cavity from the nasal
cavity

A

Soft palate (aka velum)

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27
Q

the soft palate is the __________ extension of the hard palate

A

muscular

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28
Q

makes up the lateral margins of the oral cavity

A

alveolar ridge

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29
Q

means curtain

A

velum

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30
Q

parts of the tongue labelled anterior to posterior

A

tip, blade, dorsum, root

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31
Q

Central mass of the tongue that underlies the surface features

A

body

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32
Q

lies lateral to the oral cavity

A

buccal cavity

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33
Q

Comprised the space between the teeth and cheeks of the face

A

buccal cavity

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34
Q

the buccal cavity is bound by the _____ laterally, the _______ anteriorly, and the ______ medially

A

cheeks, lips, teeth

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35
Q

Nasal Cavity: bound by the _____ and ______

A

nares, soft palate

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36
Q

The floor of the nasal cavity is the _______ of the oral cavity.

A

hard palate

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37
Q

The pharyngeal cavity is also known as the _______

A

Pharynx

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38
Q

3 sections of the pharyngeal cavity

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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39
Q

where is the adenoid

A

nasal cavity

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40
Q

the adenoid is also known as the

A

pharyngeal tonsils or nasopharyngeal tonsil

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41
Q

paired depressions in the oropharynx
located anterior to the epiglottis and
posterior to the base of the tongue.

A

The epiglottic valleculae

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42
Q

type of muscles do not have attachments outside of the tongue

A

intrinsic

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43
Q

Primarily responsible for altering the size and shape of the tongue.

A

intrinsic muscles

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44
Q

muscles that anchor the tongue to structures in the head and neck.

A

extrinsic

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45
Q

muscles responsible for altering the position of the tongue

A

extrinsic

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46
Q

another name for the ear canal

A

external auditory meatus

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47
Q

another name for the eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

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48
Q

parts of the outer ear

A

pinna, external auditory meatus, outer layer of the tympanic membrane

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49
Q

parts of the middle ear

A

inner layer of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and various ligaments and muscles

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50
Q

parts of the inner ear

A

vestibular apparatus, cochlea, and the auditory nerve

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51
Q

3 ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

52
Q

Tensor Tympani and stapes muscle _____ the ossicular chain when they _______

A

stiffen, contract

53
Q

nicknames for the malleus, incus, and stapes

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

54
Q

The base of the stapes is located in the
depression known as the ________.

A

oval window

55
Q

The oval window and round window
create the _________ from the middle
ear space to the inner ear space

A

boundary

56
Q

The round window vibrates in _______
phase to vibrations than the oval
window which allows fluid in the
________ to move

A

opposite, cochlea

57
Q

Every structure prior to the ________________ are considered
part of the conductive hearing
mechanism

A

oval and round windows

58
Q

Contraction of the _________ is the muscular component of the acoustic reflex, an “automatic” response of the auditory system to intense sound

A

stapedius muscle

59
Q

The ______________ works to equalize pressure of the middle ear to the
EAM

A

Eustachian Tube

60
Q

the part of the ear
that contains the organs of hearing
and balance

A

Bony Labyrinth

61
Q

The bony labyrinth is divided into
what three sections

A

the vestibule, the
semicircular canals, and the
cochlea.

62
Q

The Vestibular System (the part
involved with balance/equilibrium) is
made up of

A

the vestibule and
the semicircular canals.

63
Q

the end organ of
hearing

A

organ of corti

64
Q

The organ of Corti sits atop the _________ and contains the hair cells
and other supporting structures

A

basilar membrane

65
Q

_____________________ are the sensory cells of the auditory system.

A

Cochlear hair cells

66
Q

A stiff structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear which
separates the scala media and the scala tympani along the coil of
the cochlea

A

basilar membrane

67
Q

The basilar membrane is a ________________ (like strings on an instrument) and varies in
width and stiffness.

A

resonant structure

68
Q

central nervous system includes the ________ and __________

A

brain and spinal cord

69
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System consists of the ________ and _______ outside the brain and the spinal cord

A

nerves, ganglia

70
Q

2 main divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
and the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

71
Q

The central processing unit of the
body

A

the central nervous system

72
Q

The outermost layer of the brain is the ______________ where our highest mental capabilities occur.

A

cerebral cortex

73
Q

the central nervous system is protected by what 3 layers known as meninges

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

74
Q

grey matter makes up what percent of the brain

A

40%

75
Q

outermost meninges layer that lines the skull bones

A

Dura Mater

76
Q

cushiony middle layer of meninges

A

Arachnoid Mater

77
Q

the innermost layer of meninges that adheres to the surface of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

78
Q

Largest and most developed division of the brain

A

Forebrain

79
Q

division of the brain that helps regulate movement and process auditory and visual information

A

midbrain

80
Q

division of the brain that helps to regulate autonomic functions, relay sensory information, coordinate movement, and maintain balance and equilibrium

A

hindbrain

81
Q

parts of the hindbrain

A

Pons, cerebellum, and the medulla

82
Q

the _________ is primarily responsible for muscle control related to movement and balance

A

cerebellum

83
Q

5 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

84
Q

lobe of the brain responsible for thinking, memory, behavior, and movement

A

frontal lobe

85
Q

lobe of the brain responsible for language and touch

A

parietal lobe

86
Q

lobe of the brain responsible for sight

A

occipital lobe

87
Q

lobe of the brain responsible for hearing, learning, and feelings

A

temporal

88
Q

the brain stem is mainly responsible for _______, __________, and _________

A

breathing, heart rate, and temperature

89
Q

the insula plays a role in _________ and may be involved with breathing and _________, emotions, and homeostatic emotions like _______

A

speech production, swallowing, hunger/pain/fatigue

90
Q

parts of the brainstem

A

medulla, pons, and midbrain

91
Q

acts unconsciously to regulate bodily functions by communicating with internal organs and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

92
Q

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

93
Q

responsible for the fight or flight response and wants to maintain homeostasis

A

sympathetic nervous system

94
Q

responsible for the “rest and digest” response

A

parasympathetic nervous system

95
Q

the somatic nervous system communicates with _______ organs and ________ muscles

A

sense, voluntary

96
Q

the somatic nervous system is divided into what

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nervous systems

97
Q

mnemonic for remembering cranial nerves

A

oh oh oh, to touch and feel virgin girls’ vaginas and hymens

98
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves in order

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

99
Q

encircles the middle area of the brain which supplies blood flow from the arteries to both the front and back hemispheres of the brain

A

circle of willis

100
Q

the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system

A

neuron

101
Q

3 parts of the nerve cell

A

dendrites, axon, soma

102
Q

neurons are insulated by ______-

A

myelin

103
Q

glial cells support neurons but do not fire __________

A

action potentials

104
Q

the cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus

A

soma

105
Q

the output structure of a neuron

A

axon

106
Q

where the neuron receives input from other cells

A

dendrites

107
Q

the site of transmission of electrical nerve impulses between 2 cells

A

synapses

108
Q

Nerve impulses are relayed by a
__________ from an axon to
a receiving dendrite of another
cell.

A

neurotransmitter

109
Q

When material enters the airway but does not go below the true vocal folds (entering the
trachea)

A

penetration

110
Q

The passing of material BELOW the true vocal folds, typically entering the lungs

A

aspiration

111
Q

Material that remains following transport of a bolus

A

residue

112
Q

A series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food

A

Peristalsis

113
Q

When material is collected at some location in the swallowing mechanism due to an incomplete
swallow

A

pooling

114
Q

where pooling typically occurs

A

valleculae or pyriform sinuses

115
Q

Material that is collected in a space prior to a swallow being initiated

A

spillage

116
Q

Material that remains in “pockets” of your swallowing mechanism- Typically refers to the oral cavity

A

pocketing

117
Q

from top to bottom, the esophagus is made of what kinds of muscles

A

only striated, striated and smooth, and only smooth

118
Q

the opening of the esophagus

A

upper esophageal sphincter

119
Q

what does the esophagus do to help push food down

A

contract (peristalsis)

120
Q

4 stages of the swallow in order

A

oral preparatory, oral transport, pharyngeal, esophageal

121
Q

tongue tip elevates and squeezes the bolus against the hard palate. Posterior tongue regions progressively elevate and squeeze the bolus, moving it toward the pharynx. velum begins to elevate and upper esophageal sphincter begins to relax

A

oral transport phase

122
Q

This phase is “triggered” when the bolus reaches
the posterior part of the oral cavity and is under
automatic control- Occurs very rapidly.

A

pharyngeal phase

123
Q

5 variables that influence swallowing

A

Bolus characteristics
Current health status
Body position
Development
Aging

124
Q

_________ boluses are associated with larger and
faster tongue movements, earlier and larger hyoid movements, larger pharyngeal and laryngeal movements, and earlier and longer openings of upper esophageal sphincter

A

larger

125
Q

Laryngeal penetration occurs more frequently
with _______ bolus size

A

increased

126
Q

The feeling of something stuck in the throat or chest after eating or drinking

A

globus sensation

127
Q

3 types of swallow evaluations

A

bedside swallow evaluations, modified barium swallow study, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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