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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration: The exchange of gas between a/an ______ and its ________

A

organism and its environment

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2
Q

Respiration occurs due to the principles of _______ ________

A

Boyle’s Law

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3
Q

Pressure and _____ are always inversely proportional

A

volume

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4
Q

Breathing and respiration is largely a ______ event

A

passive

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5
Q

Parts of the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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6
Q

The pharynx is a ______ _____ in the back of your throat

A

hollow tube/space

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7
Q

Space from the soft palate to the top of the larynx

A

pharynx

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8
Q

where vocal cords are housed

A

larynx (voice box)

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9
Q

parts in the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

Another name for the “windpipe”

A

Trachea

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11
Q

Structure that reaches from the larynx down to the bronchi

A

trachea

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12
Q

The trachea is the part on your throat that feels like it has _____

A

rings

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13
Q

where the trachea splits into two separate paths into the lungs

A

Primary bronchi

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14
Q

How many lobes are in our lungs altogether

A

5

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15
Q

how many lobes are in the left lung

A

2

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16
Q

Provides protection to our organs and assists with the movement necessary for breathing

A

Skeletal Framework

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17
Q

how many pairs of ribs

A

12

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18
Q

most ribs connect to the _____ via _____

A

sternum via cartilage

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19
Q

Kind of cartilage that connects ribs to the sternum

A

costal cartilage

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20
Q

which ribs float?

A

lowest two around the back

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21
Q

the pectoral girdle includes what two parts

A

clavicles and scapulae

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22
Q

another name for scapulae

A

shoulder blades

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23
Q

The pelvic girdle includes what

A

coxal bones and vertebrae (sacral and coccygeal)

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24
Q

How many vertebrae

A

33

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25
Q

cervical means what

A

neck

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26
Q

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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27
Q

thoracic refers to what

A

chest

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28
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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29
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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30
Q

how many sacral vertebrae

A

5

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31
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrae

A

4 (fused together but 4 separate parts)

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32
Q

5 types of vertebrae

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (cows that love sour cream)

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33
Q

______ ______ wrap around the spinal cord to protect it

A

vertebral bones

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34
Q

Once you get older and the bones in your back start to fuse, how many do you have?

A

26

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35
Q

what 2 things make up the respiratory system

A

pulmonary apparatus and chest wall

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36
Q

the air-containing, air-conducting, and gas-exchanging part of the breathing apparatus.

A

pulmonary apparatus

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37
Q

The pulmonary apparatus is made up of the ___ and the ____ _____

A

lungs and lower airways

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38
Q

why don’t the nose and mouth count as part of the pulmonary apparatus?

A

they aren’t sterile like other parts of your body

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39
Q

parts of the lower airways

A

trachea, main stem bronchi (to right and left lung), lobar bronchi (to each lobe), alveoli

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40
Q

how many alveoli do we have

A

300 million

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41
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

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42
Q

The lungs are ____ and spongy

A

porous and spongy

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43
Q

The lungs are _______ and resilient

A

flexible and resilient

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44
Q

The thin membrane covering the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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45
Q

The thin membrane that covers the inner chest wall

A

parietal pleura

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46
Q

The lungs are connected to the chest wall solely through ______ _____, though it is not literally physically connected

A

pleural linkage

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47
Q

The _____ _____ of the fluid between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura (pleural linkage) allows the lungs and inner chest wall to move together while not being physically connected

A

surface tension

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48
Q

______ in the pleural cavity can cause a collapsed lung

A

air

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49
Q

parts of the chest wall

A

Rib cage wall and diaphragm

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50
Q

The rib cage wall forms most of the ______ and surrounds the lungs (except at the bottom)

A

thorax

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51
Q

The rib cage wall consists of what

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle

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52
Q

what forms the floor of the thorax

A

diaphragm

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53
Q

the diaphragm is the _____ _____ the thorax and the abdomen

A

fence between

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54
Q

two types of movements in the chest wall

A

vertical excursion of the front end and vertical excursion along the sides

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55
Q

type of chest wall movement that is either upward and forward or downward and backward

A

vertical excursion of the front end

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56
Q

type of chest wall movement in which rotation is either upward and outward or downward and inward

A

vertical excursion along the sides

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57
Q

vertical excursion of the front end and vertical excursion along the sides occur _____ and _____

A

together and simultaneously

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58
Q

the largest and most powerful inspiratory muscle

A

diaphragm

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59
Q

When your diaphragm is shaped like a dome, you are breathing ___. Your diaphragm is ____ing

A

out, relaxing

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60
Q

When your diaphragm is flat, you are breathing ____. Your diaphragm is _____ing

A

in, contracting

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61
Q

exhaling is a ______ force

A

passive

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62
Q

inhaling is a _____ force

A

active

63
Q

exhalation is passive because of the natural ___ of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue

A

recoil

64
Q

Inhalation involves what 3 muscles groups

A

rib cage wall muscles, diaphragm muscles, and abdominal wall muscles

65
Q

Muscles of inspiration will _______ the rib cage while the muscles of expiration ______ the rib cage

A

elevate, depress

66
Q

7 muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, external intercostals, diaphragm

67
Q

4 muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

68
Q

muscle of inspiration. Originates in sternum and clavicle and inserts on skull behind ear. Elevates sternum and clavicle and ribs

A

Sternocleidomastoid

69
Q

Muscle of inspiration. Originates on the cervical vertebrae. composed of anterior, medius, and posterior. Anterior and medius elevate the first rib; posterior elevates the second rib

A

scalenes

70
Q

muscle of inspiration. Originates from second through fifth ribs near their cartilages and inserts into the surface of the scapula

A

pectoralis minor

71
Q

muscle of inspiration. Originates from the front surface of upper costal cartilages, sternum, and inner half of clavicle and insert into humerus

A

pectoralis major

72
Q

muscle of inspiration. Originates from the outer surface of the upper 8 or 9 ribs and inserts at the front of the scapula. Elevates the upper rib

A

Serratus anterior

73
Q

muscle of inspiration. 11 connected muscles that fill the outer portions of the rib interspaces. Form a sheet of muscles that originates from the first rib, cervical vertebrae, and base of the skill and links rib to the adjacent rib. Elevates the ribs and stiffens their interspaces

A

external intercostals

74
Q

muscle of inspiration. Responsible for almost 75% of air inspired. The most important muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

75
Q

muscles of expiration. Eleven connected muscles that fill the inner portions of the rib interspaces (except at the back of the rib cages
Primarily depress ribs and stiffen their interspaces

A

internal intercostals

76
Q

muscle of expiration. Inserts on the lower eight ribs. Depresses the lower eight ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward

A

external oblique

77
Q

muscle of expiration. Inserts into the abdominal aponeurosis and lower borders of the costal cartilages of the lower three to four ribs
Depresses lower ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward

A

internal oblique

78
Q

muscles of expiration. Transverse - side to side.
Forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward

A

transversus abdominis

79
Q

Muscle of expiration. Refers to both sides (6-8 pack, if you will) Depresses the lower ribs and sternum

A

Rectus abdominis

80
Q

______ muscles of inspiration–sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, serratus, pectoralis – contribute less during normal breathing periods and more during active breathing periods, e.g., during exercise and forced breathing maneuvers.

A

accessory

81
Q

Expiratory muscles – internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis – can contract to force air out of the lungs during _____ ______ periods like blowing out a candle.

A

active breathing

82
Q

A _____ _____ is defined as one inspiration and one expiration.

A

Respiratory Cycle

83
Q

adults complete between ___ and ____ cycles of respiration per minute

A

12 and 18

84
Q

Each respiratory cycle with tidal breathing involves about _____ of air

A

500 ml

85
Q

the size or space of a three-dimensional object.

A

volume

86
Q

measures the amount of air for one function (such as inhalation or exhalation)

A

lung volume

87
Q

The volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle

A

tidal volume

88
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

89
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be expired beyond the tidal volume.

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

90
Q

The volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration

A

Residual volume (RV)

91
Q

______ volume cannot be measured, just estimated

A

residual volume

92
Q

A change in lung volume requires an open ____ and upper airway

A

larynx

93
Q

Lung _____ can vary depending on the level of activity

A

volumes

94
Q

Lung volume can be measured by _______

A

spirometer

95
Q

How much something can hold

A

capacity

96
Q

Lung capacities are made up of two or more ______ ______

A

lung volumes

97
Q

The average lung capacity is around ______ for a healthy adult male

A

6 liters

98
Q

what age are lungs fully mature

A

25

99
Q

what age does lung capacity begin to decline

A

35

100
Q

Average lung capacity of a healthy adult female

A

4.2 liters

101
Q

Michael Phelps lung capacity

A

12 liters

102
Q

Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

103
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) = _______ + _______

A

Tidal volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

104
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

A

Vital Capacity (vc)

105
Q

Represents the capacity of air available for speech

A

vital capacity

106
Q

Vital capacity (vc) = _______ + _________

A

inspiratory capacity (IC) + Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

or

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

107
Q

The amount of air that remains in the body after passive exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

108
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC) = ______ + _______

A

FRC = expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)

109
Q

The volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration. The sum of all lung volumes.

A

Total lung capacity

110
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = ______ + _______

A

TLC = vital capacity (vc) + Residual volume (RV)

or

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

111
Q

name the 4 lung volumes

A

tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual volume

112
Q

name the 4 lung capacities

A

inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity

113
Q

5 kinds of pressure involved with respiration

A

alveolar, intrapleural, subglottal, intraoral, atmospheric

114
Q

The pressure within the individual alveoli

A

Alveolar pressure

115
Q

The pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes

A

Intrapleural pressure

116
Q

Pressure below the vocal cords

A

Subglottal pressure

117
Q

Pressure measured within the oral cavity

A

Intraoral pressure

118
Q

Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight

A

Atmospheric pressure

119
Q

what is typical atmospheric pressure

A

760 mm Hg

120
Q

____ breathing is often considered “automatic” breathing and is controlled by the brainstem breathing centers

A

Tidal

121
Q

part of the brainstem that controls automatic breathing

A

medulla

122
Q

Tidal breathing is under strong influence from _____receptors and _____receptors

A

chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

123
Q

parts of your brain that respond to chemical changes in your body

A

Chemoreceptors

124
Q

Central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to changes in _________ in the blood

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

125
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to ________ in the blood

A

oxygen (O2)

126
Q

_______ in the pulmonary apparatus and chest wall are sensitive to physical changes in the tissues, muscles, tendons, etc.

A

Mechanoreceptors

127
Q

Body posture is a significant contributor to _____ of respiration

A

efficiency

128
Q

Reclining position alters relationship between physical structures and _____

A

gravity

129
Q

the rate at which air moves in and out

A

ventilation

130
Q

Ventilation is ______ during speaking that resting tidal breathing

A

greater

131
Q

use of neural receptors to force respiration

A

Drive to breathe

132
Q

Under _____ ____ conditions, breathing tends to be associated with: Greater than usual ventilation, Fewer syllables per breath group if speaking, Higher than usual average airflow,
Non-phonated expirations (“blow-offs”),
Larger-than-usual lung volume, rib cage wall volume, and abdominal wall excursions

A

high drive

133
Q

Activity in which inspiratory thoracic muscles must be engaged to hold the elastic recoil forces in check to sustain phonation.

A

Inspiratory checking

134
Q

General speech breathing behavior is not adult-like until approx what age

A

10

135
Q

Speech breathing remains unchanged (generally) until the age of

A

70-80

136
Q

In general older adults tend to: Initiate breath groups at larger lung ______,
Use more of their ______ capacity
Expend more air per ______

A

volumes, vital, syllable

137
Q

Inspirations tend to occur at structural _______ (pauses in sentences, commas, etc), Inspirations tend to be _____ when followed by longer breath groups, and higher cognitive-linguistic loads are associated with more _____ _____(breath-holding and expiratory)

A

boundaries, larger, silent pauses

138
Q

Resting ____ ____ are quicker when listening to someone speak than in quiet

A

tidal inspirations

139
Q

Breathing movements between ______ _____ tend to be correlated during turn taking

A

conversation partners

140
Q

one organism that doesn’t need oxygen to survive

A

bacteria that causes botulism

141
Q

______ in cells release energy to all parts of the body

A

Oxidation

142
Q

The body needs oxygen to build ______ and produce ______ for our cells to work

A

new cells, energy

143
Q

how many cells do you lose a day

A

700 million

144
Q

Oxygen goes into the bloodstream via the capillaries in the ______

A

alveoli

145
Q

Nasal and Oral cavities provide a warm, moist environment to warm the air before it reaches your _______ ________

A

pulmonary apparatus

146
Q

The nasal cavity is highly vascular and is lined with _______ ______ to catch dust, germs, etc.

A

cilia epithelium

147
Q

the space between the vocal folds

A

glottis

148
Q

On average, you experience _____ respiratory cycles a day.

A

22,000

149
Q

Oxygen turns the food we eat into energy via ______ ______

A

cellular respiration

150
Q

Your brain takes _____ of your body’s total oxygen consumption as it requires a great deal of energy

A

20%

151
Q

__% of cellular waste is removed simply by breathing

A

70%

152
Q

______ is where something has gone beyond your vocal folds and into your lungs that is not meant to be there

A

aspiration

153
Q

______ _______ is what can occur as a result of aspirating

A

aspiration pneumonia

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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