Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration Flashcards
Respiration: The exchange of gas between a/an ______ and its ________
organism and its environment
Respiration occurs due to the principles of _______ ________
Boyle’s Law
Pressure and _____ are always inversely proportional
volume
Breathing and respiration is largely a ______ event
passive
Parts of the upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
The pharynx is a ______ _____ in the back of your throat
hollow tube/space
Space from the soft palate to the top of the larynx
pharynx
where vocal cords are housed
larynx (voice box)
parts in the lower respiratory tract
trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
Another name for the “windpipe”
Trachea
Structure that reaches from the larynx down to the bronchi
trachea
The trachea is the part on your throat that feels like it has _____
rings
where the trachea splits into two separate paths into the lungs
Primary bronchi
How many lobes are in our lungs altogether
5
how many lobes are in the left lung
2
Provides protection to our organs and assists with the movement necessary for breathing
Skeletal Framework
how many pairs of ribs
12
most ribs connect to the _____ via _____
sternum via cartilage
Kind of cartilage that connects ribs to the sternum
costal cartilage
which ribs float?
lowest two around the back
the pectoral girdle includes what two parts
clavicles and scapulae
another name for scapulae
shoulder blades
The pelvic girdle includes what
coxal bones and vertebrae (sacral and coccygeal)
How many vertebrae
33
cervical means what
neck
how many cervical vertebrae
7
thoracic refers to what
chest
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
how many sacral vertebrae
5
how many coccygeal vertebrae
4 (fused together but 4 separate parts)
5 types of vertebrae
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (cows that love sour cream)
______ ______ wrap around the spinal cord to protect it
vertebral bones
Once you get older and the bones in your back start to fuse, how many do you have?
26
what 2 things make up the respiratory system
pulmonary apparatus and chest wall
the air-containing, air-conducting, and gas-exchanging part of the breathing apparatus.
pulmonary apparatus
The pulmonary apparatus is made up of the ___ and the ____ _____
lungs and lower airways
why don’t the nose and mouth count as part of the pulmonary apparatus?
they aren’t sterile like other parts of your body
parts of the lower airways
trachea, main stem bronchi (to right and left lung), lobar bronchi (to each lobe), alveoli
how many alveoli do we have
300 million
where does gas exchange occur
alveoli
The lungs are ____ and spongy
porous and spongy
The lungs are _______ and resilient
flexible and resilient
The thin membrane covering the lungs
visceral pleura
The thin membrane that covers the inner chest wall
parietal pleura
The lungs are connected to the chest wall solely through ______ _____, though it is not literally physically connected
pleural linkage
The _____ _____ of the fluid between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura (pleural linkage) allows the lungs and inner chest wall to move together while not being physically connected
surface tension
______ in the pleural cavity can cause a collapsed lung
air
parts of the chest wall
Rib cage wall and diaphragm
The rib cage wall forms most of the ______ and surrounds the lungs (except at the bottom)
thorax
The rib cage wall consists of what
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle
what forms the floor of the thorax
diaphragm
the diaphragm is the _____ _____ the thorax and the abdomen
fence between
two types of movements in the chest wall
vertical excursion of the front end and vertical excursion along the sides
type of chest wall movement that is either upward and forward or downward and backward
vertical excursion of the front end
type of chest wall movement in which rotation is either upward and outward or downward and inward
vertical excursion along the sides
vertical excursion of the front end and vertical excursion along the sides occur _____ and _____
together and simultaneously
the largest and most powerful inspiratory muscle
diaphragm
When your diaphragm is shaped like a dome, you are breathing ___. Your diaphragm is ____ing
out, relaxing
When your diaphragm is flat, you are breathing ____. Your diaphragm is _____ing
in, contracting
exhaling is a ______ force
passive
inhaling is a _____ force
active
exhalation is passive because of the natural ___ of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue
recoil
Inhalation involves what 3 muscles groups
rib cage wall muscles, diaphragm muscles, and abdominal wall muscles
Muscles of inspiration will _______ the rib cage while the muscles of expiration ______ the rib cage
elevate, depress
7 muscles of inspiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, external intercostals, diaphragm
4 muscles of expiration
internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
muscle of inspiration. Originates in sternum and clavicle and inserts on skull behind ear. Elevates sternum and clavicle and ribs
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle of inspiration. Originates on the cervical vertebrae. composed of anterior, medius, and posterior. Anterior and medius elevate the first rib; posterior elevates the second rib
scalenes
muscle of inspiration. Originates from second through fifth ribs near their cartilages and inserts into the surface of the scapula
pectoralis minor
muscle of inspiration. Originates from the front surface of upper costal cartilages, sternum, and inner half of clavicle and insert into humerus
pectoralis major
muscle of inspiration. Originates from the outer surface of the upper 8 or 9 ribs and inserts at the front of the scapula. Elevates the upper rib
Serratus anterior
muscle of inspiration. 11 connected muscles that fill the outer portions of the rib interspaces. Form a sheet of muscles that originates from the first rib, cervical vertebrae, and base of the skill and links rib to the adjacent rib. Elevates the ribs and stiffens their interspaces
external intercostals
muscle of inspiration. Responsible for almost 75% of air inspired. The most important muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
muscles of expiration. Eleven connected muscles that fill the inner portions of the rib interspaces (except at the back of the rib cages
Primarily depress ribs and stiffen their interspaces
internal intercostals
muscle of expiration. Inserts on the lower eight ribs. Depresses the lower eight ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward
external oblique
muscle of expiration. Inserts into the abdominal aponeurosis and lower borders of the costal cartilages of the lower three to four ribs
Depresses lower ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward
internal oblique
muscles of expiration. Transverse - side to side.
Forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward
transversus abdominis
Muscle of expiration. Refers to both sides (6-8 pack, if you will) Depresses the lower ribs and sternum
Rectus abdominis
______ muscles of inspiration–sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, serratus, pectoralis – contribute less during normal breathing periods and more during active breathing periods, e.g., during exercise and forced breathing maneuvers.
accessory
Expiratory muscles – internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis – can contract to force air out of the lungs during _____ ______ periods like blowing out a candle.
active breathing
A _____ _____ is defined as one inspiration and one expiration.
Respiratory Cycle
adults complete between ___ and ____ cycles of respiration per minute
12 and 18
Each respiratory cycle with tidal breathing involves about _____ of air
500 ml
the size or space of a three-dimensional object.
volume
measures the amount of air for one function (such as inhalation or exhalation)
lung volume
The volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle
tidal volume
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The maximum volume of air that can be expired beyond the tidal volume.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration
Residual volume (RV)
______ volume cannot be measured, just estimated
residual volume
A change in lung volume requires an open ____ and upper airway
larynx
Lung _____ can vary depending on the level of activity
volumes
Lung volume can be measured by _______
spirometer
How much something can hold
capacity
Lung capacities are made up of two or more ______ ______
lung volumes
The average lung capacity is around ______ for a healthy adult male
6 liters
what age are lungs fully mature
25
what age does lung capacity begin to decline
35
Average lung capacity of a healthy adult female
4.2 liters
Michael Phelps lung capacity
12 liters
Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Inspiratory capacity (IC) = _______ + _______
Tidal volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
Vital Capacity (vc)
Represents the capacity of air available for speech
vital capacity
Vital capacity (vc) = _______ + _________
inspiratory capacity (IC) + Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
or
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that remains in the body after passive exhalation
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC) = ______ + _______
FRC = expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
The volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration. The sum of all lung volumes.
Total lung capacity
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = ______ + _______
TLC = vital capacity (vc) + Residual volume (RV)
or
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
name the 4 lung volumes
tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual volume
name the 4 lung capacities
inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity
5 kinds of pressure involved with respiration
alveolar, intrapleural, subglottal, intraoral, atmospheric
The pressure within the individual alveoli
Alveolar pressure
The pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure below the vocal cords
Subglottal pressure
Pressure measured within the oral cavity
Intraoral pressure
Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight
Atmospheric pressure
what is typical atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg
____ breathing is often considered “automatic” breathing and is controlled by the brainstem breathing centers
Tidal
part of the brainstem that controls automatic breathing
medulla
Tidal breathing is under strong influence from _____receptors and _____receptors
chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
parts of your brain that respond to chemical changes in your body
Chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to changes in _________ in the blood
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Peripheral chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to ________ in the blood
oxygen (O2)
_______ in the pulmonary apparatus and chest wall are sensitive to physical changes in the tissues, muscles, tendons, etc.
Mechanoreceptors
Body posture is a significant contributor to _____ of respiration
efficiency
Reclining position alters relationship between physical structures and _____
gravity
the rate at which air moves in and out
ventilation
Ventilation is ______ during speaking that resting tidal breathing
greater
use of neural receptors to force respiration
Drive to breathe
Under _____ ____ conditions, breathing tends to be associated with: Greater than usual ventilation, Fewer syllables per breath group if speaking, Higher than usual average airflow,
Non-phonated expirations (“blow-offs”),
Larger-than-usual lung volume, rib cage wall volume, and abdominal wall excursions
high drive
Activity in which inspiratory thoracic muscles must be engaged to hold the elastic recoil forces in check to sustain phonation.
Inspiratory checking
General speech breathing behavior is not adult-like until approx what age
10
Speech breathing remains unchanged (generally) until the age of
70-80
In general older adults tend to: Initiate breath groups at larger lung ______,
Use more of their ______ capacity
Expend more air per ______
volumes, vital, syllable
Inspirations tend to occur at structural _______ (pauses in sentences, commas, etc), Inspirations tend to be _____ when followed by longer breath groups, and higher cognitive-linguistic loads are associated with more _____ _____(breath-holding and expiratory)
boundaries, larger, silent pauses
Resting ____ ____ are quicker when listening to someone speak than in quiet
tidal inspirations
Breathing movements between ______ _____ tend to be correlated during turn taking
conversation partners
one organism that doesn’t need oxygen to survive
bacteria that causes botulism
______ in cells release energy to all parts of the body
Oxidation
The body needs oxygen to build ______ and produce ______ for our cells to work
new cells, energy
how many cells do you lose a day
700 million
Oxygen goes into the bloodstream via the capillaries in the ______
alveoli
Nasal and Oral cavities provide a warm, moist environment to warm the air before it reaches your _______ ________
pulmonary apparatus
The nasal cavity is highly vascular and is lined with _______ ______ to catch dust, germs, etc.
cilia epithelium
the space between the vocal folds
glottis
On average, you experience _____ respiratory cycles a day.
22,000
Oxygen turns the food we eat into energy via ______ ______
cellular respiration
Your brain takes _____ of your body’s total oxygen consumption as it requires a great deal of energy
20%
__% of cellular waste is removed simply by breathing
70%
______ is where something has gone beyond your vocal folds and into your lungs that is not meant to be there
aspiration
______ _______ is what can occur as a result of aspirating
aspiration pneumonia
