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MHS Anatomy unit4 2020 > larynx, laryngopharynx and speech > Flashcards

larynx, laryngopharynx and speech Flashcards

1
Q

list the three parts of the pahrynx

A
  1. pharynx
    1. three parts
      1. nasopharynx
        1. lies above the soft palate
      2. oropharynx
        1. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis
        2. lies behind the oral cavity
      3. laryngopharynx
        1. extends from the upper border of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the esophagus.
        2. lies behind the aperture and posterior wall of the larynx
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2
Q

lies above the soft palate

A
  1. pharynx
    1. three parts
      1. nasopharynx
        1. lies above the soft palate
      2. oropharynx
        1. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis
        2. lies behind the oral cavity
      3. laryngopharynx
        1. extends from the upper border of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the esophagus.
        2. lies behind the aperture and posterior wall of the larynx
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3
Q

lies behind the oral cavity

A
  1. pharynx
    1. three parts
      1. nasopharynx
        1. lies above the soft palate
      2. oropharynx
        1. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis
        2. lies behind the oral cavity
      3. laryngopharynx
        1. extends from the upper border of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the esophagus.
        2. lies behind the aperture and posterior wall of the larynx
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4
Q

lies behind the aperture and posterior wall of the larynx

A
  1. pharynx
    1. three parts
      1. nasopharynx
        1. lies above the soft palate
      2. oropharynx
        1. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis
        2. lies behind the oral cavity
      3. laryngopharynx
        1. extends from the upper border of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the esophagus.
        2. lies behind the aperture and posterior wall of the larynx
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5
Q

are depressions within the laryngopharynx on each side of the larngeal inlet and the lateral wall of the larynx

A
  1. piriform recesses (priform fossae)
    1. are depressions within the laryngopharynx on each side of the larngeal inlet and the lateral wall of the larynx
    2. are sites where food or foreign objectts may become lodged and may damage the internal laryngeal nerve lying just deep to the mucous membran
      1. attempts to remove foreign objects also may damage the nerve
      2. the nerve may be anestetized for endo tracheal intubation
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6
Q

sites where food or foreign objectts may become lodged

What may be damaged deep to this location?

A
  1. piriform recesses (priform fossae)
    1. are depressions within the laryngopharynx on each side of the larngeal inlet and the lateral wall of the larynx
    2. are sites where food or foreign objectts may become lodged and may damage the internal laryngeal nerve lying just deep to the mucous membran
      1. attempts to remove foreign objects also may damage the nerve
      2. the nerve may be anestetized for endo tracheal intubation
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7
Q

describe the manipulatio nof the internal laryngeal nerve in the priform recesses

A
  1. piriform recesses (priform fossae)
    1. are depressions within the laryngopharynx on each side of the larngeal inlet and the lateral wall of the larynx
    2. are sites where food or foreign objectts may become lodged and may damage the internal laryngeal nerve lying just deep to the mucous membran
      1. attempts to remove foreign objects also may damage the nerve
      2. the nerve may be anestetized for endo tracheal intubation
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8
Q

between the pharynx and the trachea.

this complex organ of ____. What vertebrae align with this structure?

A

larynx

  1. part of the respiratory system between the pharynx and the trachea
  2. is a complex organ of voice production, lies in the anterior part of neck at the level of the bodies of C3-C6 vertebrae
  3. functions
    1. for the passage of air toward and from the lungs
    2. to prevent foreign objects from entering lower respiratory passages
    3. in phonation/voice production
  4. skeleton of the larynx
    1. consists of 9 cartilages, three unpaired and three pair
      1. paired
        1. cuneiform cartilage
        2. arytenoid
        3. corniculate
      2. unpaired
        1. thyroid
        2. cricoid
        3. epiglottis
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9
Q

what are the functitons of the larynx. 3

A

larynx

  1. part of the respiratory system between the pharynx and the trachea
  2. is a complex organ of voice production, lies in the anterior part of neck at the level of the bodies of C3-C6 vertebrae
  3. functions
    1. for the passage of air toward and from the lungs
    2. to prevent foreign objects from entering lower respiratory passages
    3. in phonation/voice production
  4. skeleton of the larynx
    1. consists of 9 cartilages, three unpaired and three pair
      1. paired
        1. cuneiform cartilage
        2. arytenoid
        3. corniculate
      2. unpaired
        1. thyroid
        2. cricoid
        3. epiglottis
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10
Q

describe the skeleton of the larynx

A

larynx

  1. part of the respiratory system between the pharynx and the trachea
  2. is a complex organ of voice production, lies in the anterior part of neck at the level of the bodies of C3-C6 vertebrae
  3. functions
    1. for the passage of air toward and from the lungs
    2. to prevent foreign objects from entering lower respiratory passages
    3. in phonation/voice production
  4. skeleton of the larynx
    1. consists of 9 cartilages, three unpaired and three pair
      1. paired
        1. cuneiform cartilage
        2. arytenoid
        3. corniculate
      2. unpaired
        1. thyroid
        2. cricoid
        3. epiglottis
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11
Q

forms the laryngeal prominence.

what does it consist of two ____. Describe them

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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12
Q

what does the adams apple form with the cricoid?

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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13
Q

is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front.

what does it articulate with?

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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14
Q

articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints. Describe the articulations and thte clincal applications

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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15
Q

is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle. what is this site used for during treatment of injury?

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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16
Q

Describe the important landmarks and route of the artery associated wit hthe cricoid cartilage.

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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17
Q

what is the epiglottic cartilage attached to?

describe the mechanism

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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18
Q

is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments.

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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19
Q

is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink. Describe the attachment

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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20
Q

are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina. describe the apex

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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21
Q

DESCRIBE the arytenoid attachments and their functions

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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22
Q

these function are associated with what structure?

  1. sliding toward or away from each other
  2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
  3. rotating around a vertical axis
A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
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23
Q

what are the three basic movements of the arytenooid cartilages.

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
24
Q

what are the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages used for?

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
25
Q

what are the important landmarks during laryngoscopy

A
  1. laryngeal skeleton
    1. paired
      1. arytenoid
      2. cuneiform (wrisberg)
      3. corniculate (santorini)
    2. unpaired
      1. thyroid
      2. cricoid
      3. epiglottis
  2. thyroid cartilage
    1. forms the laryngeal prominence/ Adam’s appple in males
    2. consists of two laminae fused in the midline anteriorly
    3. forms bilateral cricothyroid jionts with the cricoid cartilage below, allowing the thyroid cartilage to tilt foward and backward on it
  3. cricoid cartilage
    1. is shaped like a signet ring with the broad lamina located posteriorly and the thinner arch in front
    2. articulates with the thyoid cartilage at bilateral cricothyroid joints
      1. is attached to it in the anterior midline at the cricothyroid ligament, where an emergency airway may be made
        1. cricothyrotomy
    3. is a useful landmark for locating Cv6 and its enlarged anterior tubercle,
      1. this is a compression site to control bleeding from the carotid arteries and their branches
    4. the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen C6
  4. epiglottic cartilage
    1. is attached to the hyoid bone and to the thyroid cartilage by ligaments
    2. is covered by mucous membran to form the epiglottis
    3. is pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet (adults ) during swallowing to help prevent the enterance of food and drink
  5. artenoid cartilages
    1. are paired pyramidal-shaped carttilages that articulate with the superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
    2. each has an apex
      1. muscular process and a coval process
    3. has the vocal ligament attached to itts vocal process anteriorly
      1. therefore, the vocal ligament attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the aryttenoid cartilage
    4. are capable of three basic movements
      1. sliding toward or away from each other
      2. tilting anteriorly or posteriorly around a horizontal axis
      3. rotating around a vertical axis
  6. corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
    1. aren’t of exceptional importance but ar landmarks during laryngoscopy
26
Q

ist the intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of the larynx

A
  1. ligaments of the larynx
    1. extrinsic
      1. attach the hyoid to the thyroid
        1. thyrohyoid membrane
          1. contains the apperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and artery
          2. two components
            1. lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
            2. median thyrohyoid ligment
      2. hyo-epiglottic ligament
        1. attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid
      3. cricotracheal ligament
        1. attaches the traches to the larynx
    2. intrinsic ligaments - fibroelastic membrane of laryns links laryngeal cartilage and completes the architechtural framework.
      1. cricothyroid ligament
        1. free margin of the ligament is tthickened t oform the vocal ligament which is under the vocal fold of larynx
          1. true vocal cords
        2. thickened antteriorly in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament
          1. this is the ligament that is perforated in cricothyrocectomy, emergency air way
      2. quadrangular membran
        1. runs on each side of the lateral margins of the epiglottis and antero lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage on each side. Also attaches to the corniculate cartilage
        2. free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickend to form the vestibular ligament
          1. false vocal cords
  2. laryngeal joints
    1. cricothyroid joints
    2. cricoarytenoid joints
27
Q

describe the following with respect to extrinsic ligaments of the larynx

thyroid membrane, hyo-epiglottic ligament, cricotracheal ligament

A
  1. ligaments of the larynx
    1. extrinsic
      1. attach the hyoid to the thyroid
        1. thyrohyoid membrane
          1. contains the apperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and artery
          2. two components
            1. lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
            2. median thyrohyoid ligment
      2. hyo-epiglottic ligament
        1. attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid
      3. cricotracheal ligament
        1. attaches the traches to the larynx
    2. intrinsic ligaments - fibroelastic membrane of laryns links laryngeal cartilage and completes the architechtural framework.
      1. cricothyroid ligament
        1. free margin of the ligament is tthickened t oform the vocal ligament which is under the vocal fold of larynx
          1. true vocal cords
        2. thickened antteriorly in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament
          1. this is the ligament that is perforated in cricothyrocectomy, emergency air way
      2. quadrangular membran
        1. runs on each side of the lateral margins of the epiglottis and antero lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage on each side. Also attaches to the corniculate cartilage
        2. free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickend to form the vestibular ligament
          1. false vocal cords
  2. laryngeal joints
    1. cricothyroid joints
    2. cricoarytenoid joints
28
Q

describe the following with respect to the cricothyroid ligament

  1. thickens in two areas. What are these structures?
  2. what emergency procedure utelizes this ligament?
A
  1. ligaments of the larynx
    1. extrinsic
      1. attach the hyoid to the thyroid
        1. thyrohyoid membrane
          1. contains the apperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and artery
          2. two components
            1. lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
            2. median thyrohyoid ligment
      2. hyo-epiglottic ligament
        1. attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid
      3. cricotracheal ligament
        1. attaches the traches to the larynx
    2. intrinsic ligaments - fibroelastic membrane of laryns links laryngeal cartilage and completes the architechtural framework.
      1. cricothyroid ligament
        1. free margin of the ligament is tthickened t oform the vocal ligament which is under the vocal fold of larynx
          1. true vocal cords
        2. thickened antteriorly in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament
          1. this is the ligament that is perforated in cricothyrocectomy, emergency air way
      2. quadrangular membran
        1. runs on each side of the lateral margins of the epiglottis and antero lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage on each side. Also attaches to the corniculate cartilage
        2. free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickend to form the vestibular ligament
          1. false vocal cords
  2. laryngeal joints
    1. cricothyroid joints
    2. cricoarytenoid joints
29
Q

answer the following with respect to the quadrangular membrane

  1. Route with respective surrounding structures.
  2. attaches?
  3. lower margin thickens to form what structure?
A
  1. ligaments of the larynx
    1. extrinsic
      1. attach the hyoid to the thyroid
        1. thyrohyoid membrane
          1. contains the apperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and artery
          2. two components
            1. lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
            2. median thyrohyoid ligment
      2. hyo-epiglottic ligament
        1. attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid
      3. cricotracheal ligament
        1. attaches the traches to the larynx
    2. intrinsic ligaments - fibroelastic membrane of laryns links laryngeal cartilage and completes the architechtural framework.
      1. cricothyroid ligament
        1. free margin of the ligament is tthickened t oform the vocal ligament which is under the vocal fold of larynx
          1. true vocal cords
        2. thickened antteriorly in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament
          1. this is the ligament that is perforated in cricothyrocectomy, emergency air way
      2. quadrangular membran
        1. runs on each side of the lateral margins of the epiglottis and antero lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage on each side. Also attaches to the corniculate cartilage
        2. free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickend to form the vestibular ligament
          1. false vocal cords
  2. laryngeal joints
    1. cricothyroid joints
    2. cricoarytenoid joints
30
Q

list the laryngeal joints and describe function

A
  1. ligaments of the larynx
    1. extrinsic
      1. attach the hyoid to the thyroid
        1. thyrohyoid membrane
          1. contains the apperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and artery
          2. two components
            1. lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
            2. median thyrohyoid ligment
      2. hyo-epiglottic ligament
        1. attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid
      3. cricotracheal ligament
        1. attaches the traches to the larynx
    2. intrinsic ligaments - fibroelastic membrane of laryns links laryngeal cartilage and completes the architechtural framework.
      1. cricothyroid ligament
        1. free margin of the ligament is tthickened t oform the vocal ligament which is under the vocal fold of larynx
          1. true vocal cords
        2. thickened antteriorly in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament
          1. this is the ligament that is perforated in cricothyrocectomy, emergency air way
      2. quadrangular membran
        1. runs on each side of the lateral margins of the epiglottis and antero lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage on each side. Also attaches to the corniculate cartilage
        2. free lower margin of the quadrangular membrane is thickend to form the vestibular ligament
          1. false vocal cords
  2. laryngeal joints
    1. cricothyroid joints
      1. change pitch of sound
      2. tense or relax vocal ligament
    2. cricoarytenoid joints
      1. open or close larynx
      2. absuct or adduct vocal ligaments
31
Q

two pairs of mucosal folds divide the laryngeal cavity into regions. list the folds and the regions

A
  1. laryngeal cavity
    1. two pairs of mucosal folds
      1. vestibular
      2. vocal
    2. three regions
      1. the vestibule
        1. upper part of the chamber
      2. middle part
        1. ventricle
        2. very thin between the vestibular and vocal folds
      3. infra glottic space
        1. lower most chamber and is between the vocal folds and inferior opening of the larynx
    3. cricothyrotomy
      1. opens an emergency airway into the infraglottic cavity
    4. aspirated foreign objects
      1. when these items contact the mucous membrane of the VESTIBULE, it provokes a reflex response of vigorous coughing in an attempt to expel the object
32
Q

list the follwing with respect to the laryngeal cavity

  1. upper part of the chamber
  2. very thin between the vestibular and vocal folds
  3. lower most chamber and is between the vocal folds and inferior opening of the larynx
A
  1. laryngeal cavity
    1. two pairs of mucosal folds
      1. vestibular
      2. vocal
    2. three regions
      1. the vestibule
        1. upper part of the chamber
      2. middle part
        1. ventricle
        2. very thin between the vestibular and vocal folds
      3. infra glottic space
        1. lower most chamber and is between the vocal folds and inferior opening of the larynx
    3. cricothyrotomy
      1. opens an emergency airway into the infraglottic cavity
    4. aspirated foreign objects
      1. when these items contact the mucous membrane of the VESTIBULE, it provokes a reflex response of vigorous coughing in an attempt to expel the object
33
Q

what space is occupied during an emergency airway? describe its location (between what?)

A
  1. laryngeal cavity
    1. two pairs of mucosal folds
      1. vestibular
      2. vocal
    2. three regions
      1. the vestibule
        1. upper part of the chamber
      2. middle part
        1. ventricle
        2. very thin between the vestibular and vocal folds
      3. infra glottic space
        1. lower most chamber and is between the vocal folds and inferior opening of the larynx
    3. cricothyrotomy
      1. opens an emergency airway into the infraglottic cavity
    4. aspirated foreign objects
      1. when these items contact the mucous membrane of the VESTIBULE, it provokes a reflex response of vigorous coughing in an attempt to expel the object
34
Q

after a quick drink of water, I started caughing because the water went down the wrong tube. Describe this reaction.

A
  1. laryngeal cavity
    1. two pairs of mucosal folds
      1. vestibular
      2. vocal
    2. three regions
      1. the vestibule
        1. upper part of the chamber
      2. middle part
        1. ventricle
        2. very thin between the vestibular and vocal folds
      3. infra glottic space
        1. lower most chamber and is between the vocal folds and inferior opening of the larynx
    3. cricothyrotomy
      1. opens an emergency airway into the infraglottic cavity
    4. aspirated foreign objects
      1. when these items contact the mucous membrane of the VESTIBULE, it provokes a reflex response of vigorous coughing in an attempt to expel the object
35
Q

describe the attachment of the core in the vocal fold.

A
  1. vocal ligament
    1. core of the vocal fold
    2. attaches to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly
    3. movments of these cartilages alter the position and tension of the vocal ligaments
    4. rima glottidis
      1. space between the vocal folds
  2. ​glottis-vocal apparatus of the larynx
    1. rima glottidis
      1. narrow opening between two adjacent vocal cords
    2. rima vastibuli
      1. triangular opening, when viewed from above
      2. between 2 adjacent vestibular folds at the entrance to the middle chamber of laryngeal cavity
    3. inferior to the vestibular folds
      1. vocal folds (tru vocal cords) and adjacent mucosa, cover part of the arytenoid cartilages from the lateral walls of the narrow triangle opening (rima glottidis
    4. rima vestibuli and rima glotttidis can be opened and closed by movements of arytenoid cartiages and associated fibroelastic membranes
    5. consists of vocal folds and processes together with the rima glottidis
    6. the shape of rima (slit) varies according to position of the vocal folds
36
Q

movements of what cartilages alter the position and tension of the vocal ligaments. What is the space beteen vocal folds?

A
  1. vocal ligament
    1. core of the vocal fold
    2. attaches to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly
    3. movments of these cartilages alter the position and tension of the vocal ligaments
    4. rima glottidis
      1. space between the vocal folds
  2. ​glottis-vocal apparatus of the larynx
    1. rima glottidis
      1. narrow opening between two adjacent vocal cords
    2. rima vastibuli
      1. triangular opening, when viewed from above
      2. between 2 adjacent vestibular folds at the entrance to the middle chamber of laryngeal cavity
    3. inferior to the vestibular folds
      1. vocal folds (tru vocal cords) and adjacent mucosa, cover part of the arytenoid cartilages from the lateral walls of the narrow triangle opening (rima glottidis
    4. rima vestibuli and rima glotttidis can be opened and closed by movements of arytenoid cartiages and associated fibroelastic membranes
    5. consists of vocal folds and processes together with the rima glottidis
    6. the shape of rima (slit) varies according to position of the vocal folds
37
Q

list the following structure with repect to the vocal apparatus of the larynx

  1. narrow opening between two adjacent vocal cords
  2. between 2 adjacent vestibular folds at the entrance to the middle chamber of laryngeal cavity
  3. vestibular folds in relation to the vocal folds
    1. what is another name for the vocal folds?
A
  1. vocal ligament
    1. core of the vocal fold
    2. attaches to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly
    3. movments of these cartilages alter the position and tension of the vocal ligaments
    4. rima glottidis
      1. space between the vocal folds
  2. ​glottis-vocal apparatus of the larynx
    1. rima glottidis
      1. narrow opening between two adjacent vocal cords
    2. rima vastibuli
      1. triangular opening, when viewed from above
      2. between 2 adjacent vestibular folds at the entrance to the middle chamber of laryngeal cavity
    3. vocal folds
      1. inferior to the vestibular folds, vocal folds (tru vocal cords) and adjacent mucosa, cover part of the arytenoid cartilages from the lateral walls of the narrow triangle opening (rima glottidis
    4. rima vestibuli and rima glotttidis can be opened and closed by movements of arytenoid cartiages and associated fibroelastic membranes
    5. consists of vocal folds and processes together with the rima glottidis
    6. the shape of rima (slit) varies according to position of the vocal folds
38
Q

describe the structures and manipulation

  1. rima vestibulli
  2. rima glottidis
  3. rima shape between people?
A
  1. vocal ligament
    1. core of the vocal fold
    2. attaches to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly
    3. movments of these cartilages alter the position and tension of the vocal ligaments
    4. rima glottidis
      1. space between the vocal folds
  2. ​glottis-vocal apparatus of the larynx
    1. rima glottidis
      1. narrow opening between two adjacent vocal cords
    2. rima vastibuli
      1. triangular opening, when viewed from above
      2. between 2 adjacent vestibular folds at the entrance to the middle chamber of laryngeal cavity
    3. inferior to the vestibular folds
      1. vocal folds (tru vocal cords) and adjacent mucosa, cover part of the arytenoid cartilages from the lateral walls of the narrow triangle opening (rima glottidis
    4. rima vestibuli and rima glotttidis can be opened and closed by movements of arytenoid cartiages and associated fibroelastic membranes
    5. consists of vocal folds and processes together with the rima glottidis
    6. the shape of rima (slit) varies according to position of the vocal folds
39
Q

describe the function of the larynx, four main ones

A

larynx

  1. function
    1. respiration
      1. quiet respiration
        1. , the laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibuli and rima glottidis are open
        2. the arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rima glottidis is triangular
      2. forced
        1. arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by tge action of posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
        2. vocal folds are abducted, rima glottidis widens into a rhomboid shape
          1. increasing the diameter of the laryngeal airway
    2. phonation
      1. speaking
        1. arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are adducted
        2. air is forced through the closed rima glottidis
        3. action causes the folds to vibrate against each other and prduce sounds which can be modified by the upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
        4. tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles
    3. during effort closure
      1. effort closur of larynx occurs when air is retained in the thoracic cavity to stabilize the trunk
        1. during heavy lifing or to increase intra-abdominal pressure
      2. during effor closure the rima glottidis is completely closed, as is the rima vestibuli and lower parts of the vestibule.
      3. the result is to completely and forcefully shut the airway
    4. during swallowing
      1. the rima glottidis, rima vestibuli and vestibule are closed and the laryngeal inlet is narrowed
      2. larynx moves up and foward
        1. causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoid cartilages and to effectively narrow or close the laryngeal inlet
      3. up and foward movement of larynx also opens the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of cricod cartilage
      4. all actions together prevent solids and liquids from entry into the airway and facilitate their movement through the piriform fossae into the esophagus
40
Q

describe the movements and function of the larynx during quiet respiration vs dorced respiration

A

larynx

  1. function
    1. respiration
      1. quiet respiration
        1. , the laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibuli and rima glottidis are open
        2. the arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rima glottidis is triangular
      2. forced
        1. arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by tge action of posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
        2. vocal folds are abducted, rima glottidis widens into a rhomboid shape
          1. increasing the diameter of the laryngeal airway
    2. phonation
      1. speaking
        1. arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are adducted
        2. air is forced through the closed rima glottidis
        3. action causes the folds to vibrate against each other and prduce sounds which can be modified by the upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
        4. tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles
    3. during effort closure
      1. effort closur of larynx occurs when air is retained in the thoracic cavity to stabilize the trunk
        1. during heavy lifing or to increase intra-abdominal pressure
      2. during effor closure the rima glottidis is completely closed, as is the rima vestibuli and lower parts of the vestibule.
      3. the result is to completely and forcefully shut the airway
    4. during swallowing
      1. the rima glottidis, rima vestibuli and vestibule are closed and the laryngeal inlet is narrowed
      2. larynx moves up and foward
        1. causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoid cartilages and to effectively narrow or close the laryngeal inlet
      3. up and foward movement of larynx also opens the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of cricod cartilage
      4. all actions together prevent solids and liquids from entry into the airway and facilitate their movement through the piriform fossae into the esophagus
41
Q

what happens to the vocal folds during forced inspiration

A

larynx

  1. function
    1. respiration
      1. quiet respiration
        1. , the laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibuli and rima glottidis are open
        2. the arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rima glottidis is triangular
      2. forced inspiration
        1. arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by tge action of posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
        2. vocal folds are abducted, rima glottidis widens into a rhomboid shape
          1. increasing the diameter of the laryngeal airway
    2. phonation
      1. speaking
        1. arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are adducted
        2. air is forced through the closed rima glottidis
        3. action causes the folds to vibrate against each other and prduce sounds which can be modified by the upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
        4. tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles
    3. during effort closure
      1. effort closur of larynx occurs when air is retained in the thoracic cavity to stabilize the trunk
        1. during heavy lifing or to increase intra-abdominal pressure
      2. during effor closure the rima glottidis is completely closed, as is the rima vestibuli and lower parts of the vestibule.
      3. the result is to completely and forcefully shut the airway
    4. during swallowing
      1. the rima glottidis, rima vestibuli and vestibule are closed and the laryngeal inlet is narrowed
      2. larynx moves up and foward
        1. causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoid cartilages and to effectively narrow or close the laryngeal inlet
      3. up and foward movement of larynx also opens the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of cricod cartilage
      4. all actions together prevent solids and liquids from entry into the airway and facilitate their movement through the piriform fossae into the esophagus
42
Q

describe the function of the larynx and associated structures during phonation

A

larynx

  1. function
    1. respiration
      1. quiet respiration
        1. , the laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibuli and rima glottidis are open
        2. the arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rima glottidis is triangular
      2. forced
        1. arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by tge action of posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
        2. vocal folds are abducted, rima glottidis widens into a rhomboid shape
          1. increasing the diameter of the laryngeal airway
    2. phonation
      1. speaking
        1. arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are adducted
        2. air is forced through the closed rima glottidis
        3. action causes the folds to vibrate against each other and prduce sounds which can be modified by the upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
        4. tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles
    3. during effort closure
      1. effort closur of larynx occurs when air is retained in the thoracic cavity to stabilize the trunk
        1. during heavy lifing or to increase intra-abdominal pressure
      2. during effor closure the rima glottidis is completely closed, as is the rima vestibuli and lower parts of the vestibule.
      3. the result is to completely and forcefully shut the airway
    4. during swallowing
      1. the rima glottidis, rima vestibuli and vestibule are closed and the laryngeal inlet is narrowed
      2. larynx moves up and foward
        1. causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoid cartilages and to effectively narrow or close the laryngeal inlet
      3. up and foward movement of larynx also opens the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of cricod cartilage
      4. all actions together prevent solids and liquids from entry into the airway and facilitate their movement through the piriform fossae into the esophagus
43
Q

Describe the mechanism associated with the larynx structures that result in complete forcefull closure of the airway

A

larynx

  1. function
    1. respiration
      1. quiet respiration
        1. , the laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibuli and rima glottidis are open
        2. the arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rima glottidis is triangular
      2. forced
        1. arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by tge action of posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
        2. vocal folds are abducted, rima glottidis widens into a rhomboid shape
          1. increasing the diameter of the laryngeal airway
    2. phonation
      1. speaking
        1. arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are adducted
        2. air is forced through the closed rima glottidis
        3. action causes the folds to vibrate against each other and prduce sounds which can be modified by the upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
        4. tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles
    3. during effort closure
      1. effort closur of larynx occurs when air is retained in the thoracic cavity to stabilize the trunk
        1. during heavy lifing or to increase intra-abdominal pressure
      2. during effor closure the rima glottidis is completely closed, as is the rima vestibuli and lower parts of the vestibule.
      3. the result is to completely and forcefully shut the airway
    4. during swallowing
      1. the rima glottidis, rima vestibuli and vestibule are closed and the laryngeal inlet is narrowed
      2. larynx moves up and foward
        1. causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoid cartilages and to effectively narrow or close the laryngeal inlet
      3. up and foward movement of larynx also opens the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of cricod cartilage
      4. all actions together prevent solids and liquids from entry into the airway and facilitate their movement through the piriform fossae into the esophagus
44
Q

what are the structure that are closed and narrow the laryngeal inlet?

A

larynx

  1. function
    1. respiration
      1. quiet respiration
        1. , the laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibuli and rima glottidis are open
        2. the arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rima glottidis is triangular
      2. forced
        1. arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by tge action of posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
        2. vocal folds are abducted, rima glottidis widens into a rhomboid shape
          1. increasing the diameter of the laryngeal airway
    2. phonation
      1. speaking
        1. arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are adducted
        2. air is forced through the closed rima glottidis
        3. action causes the folds to vibrate against each other and prduce sounds which can be modified by the upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
        4. tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles
    3. during effort closure
      1. effort closur of larynx occurs when air is retained in the thoracic cavity to stabilize the trunk
        1. during heavy lifing or to increase intra-abdominal pressure
      2. during effor closure the rima glottidis is completely closed, as is the rima vestibuli and lower parts of the vestibule.
      3. the result is to completely and forcefully shut the airway
    4. during swallowing
      1. the rima glottidis, rima vestibuli and vestibule are closed and the laryngeal inlet is narrowed
      2. larynx moves up and foward
        1. causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoid cartilages and to effectively narrow or close the laryngeal inlet
      3. up and foward movement of larynx also opens the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of cricod cartilage
      4. all actions together prevent solids and liquids from entry into the airway and facilitate their movement through the piriform fossae into the esophagus
45
Q

describe the mechanism and movement of the larynx and associated structures

A

larynx

  1. function
    1. respiration
      1. quiet respiration
        1. , the laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibuli and rima glottidis are open
        2. the arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rima glottidis is triangular
      2. forced
        1. arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by tge action of posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
        2. vocal folds are abducted, rima glottidis widens into a rhomboid shape
          1. increasing the diameter of the laryngeal airway
    2. phonation
      1. speaking
        1. arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are adducted
        2. air is forced through the closed rima glottidis
        3. action causes the folds to vibrate against each other and prduce sounds which can be modified by the upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
        4. tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles
    3. during effort closure
      1. effort closur of larynx occurs when air is retained in the thoracic cavity to stabilize the trunk
        1. during heavy lifing or to increase intra-abdominal pressure
      2. during effor closure the rima glottidis is completely closed, as is the rima vestibuli and lower parts of the vestibule.
      3. the result is to completely and forcefully shut the airway
    4. during swallowing
      1. the rima glottidis, rima vestibuli and vestibule are closed and the laryngeal inlet is narrowed
      2. larynx moves up and foward
        1. causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoid cartilages and to effectively narrow or close the laryngeal inlet
      3. up and foward movement of larynx also opens the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of cricod cartilage
      4. all actions together prevent solids and liquids from entry into the airway and facilitate their movement through the piriform fossae into the esophagus
46
Q

describe the extrinsic muscles of the larynx and function

A

muscles of the larynx

  1. extrinsic
    1. function
      1. move the larynx as a whole
    2. infrahyoid muscles
      1. depressor of the hyoid bone and larynx
    3. suprahyoid
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
    4. stylopharyngeus
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
  2. intrinsic
    1. function
      1. alter the length an dtension of vocal folds and in the size of rima glottidis
    2. cricothyroid
      1. lengthen and tense vocal cords
    3. thyroarytenoid
    4. posterior cricoarytenoid
      1. abduct the vocal cords
      2. the only laryngeal muscles that abduct the vocal folds
      3. disease
        1. damage to the muscles or recurrent laryngeal nerve may make speaking an breathing difficult or imposible
    5. lateral cricoarytenoid
      1. adduct the vocal cords
    6. transverse and oblique arytenoids
    7. vocalis
      1. adjust thickness and tension
47
Q

list the muscles associated with the following functions

    1. depressor of the hyoid bone and larynx
    1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
    1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
A

muscles of the larynx

  1. extrinsic
    1. function
      1. move the larynx as a whole
    2. infrahyoid muscles
      1. depressor of the hyoid bone and larynx
    3. suprahyoid
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
    4. stylopharyngeus
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
  2. intrinsic
    1. function
      1. alter the length an dtension of vocal folds and in the size of rima glottidis
    2. cricothyroid
      1. lengthen and tense vocal cords
    3. thyroarytenoid
    4. posterior cricoarytenoid
      1. abduct the vocal cords
      2. the only laryngeal muscles that abduct the vocal folds
      3. disease
        1. damage to the muscles or recurrent laryngeal nerve may make speaking an breathing difficult or imposible
    5. lateral cricoarytenoid
      1. adduct the vocal cords
    6. transverse and oblique arytenoids
    7. vocalis
      1. adjust thickness and tension
48
Q

alter the length and tension of vocal folds and in the size of rima glottidis

A

muscles of the larynx

  1. extrinsic
    1. function
      1. move the larynx as a whole
    2. infrahyoid muscles
      1. depressor of the hyoid bone and larynx
    3. suprahyoid
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
    4. stylopharyngeus
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
  2. intrinsic
    1. function
      1. alter the length an dtension of vocal folds and in the size of rima glottidis
    2. cricothyroid
      1. lengthen and tense vocal cords
    3. thyroarytenoid
    4. posterior cricoarytenoid
      1. abduct the vocal cords
      2. the only laryngeal muscles that abduct the vocal folds
      3. disease
        1. damage to the muscles or recurrent laryngeal nerve may make speaking an breathing difficult or imposible
    5. lateral cricoarytenoid
      1. adduct the vocal cords
    6. transverse and oblique arytenoids
    7. vocalis
      1. adjust thickness and tension
49
Q

describe the function of the intrinsic muscles associated with the larynx

A

muscles of the larynx

  1. extrinsic
    1. function
      1. move the larynx as a whole
    2. infrahyoid muscles
      1. depressor of the hyoid bone and larynx
    3. suprahyoid
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
    4. stylopharyngeus
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
  2. intrinsic
    1. function
      1. alter the length an dtension of vocal folds and in the size of rima glottidis
    2. cricothyroid
      1. lengthen and tense vocal cords
    3. thyroarytenoid
    4. posterior cricoarytenoid
      1. abduct the vocal cords
      2. the only laryngeal muscles that abduct the vocal folds
      3. disease
        1. damage to the muscles or recurrent laryngeal nerve may make speaking an breathing difficult or imposible
    5. lateral cricoarytenoid
      1. adduct the vocal cords
    6. transverse and oblique arytenoids
    7. vocalis
      1. adjust thickness and tension
50
Q

identify the muscles based on the following descriptions

    1. lengthen and tense vocal cords
      1. the only laryngeal muscles that abduct the vocal folds
    1. adduct the vocal cords
      1. adjust thickness and tension
A

muscles of the larynx

  1. extrinsic
    1. function
      1. move the larynx as a whole
    2. infrahyoid muscles
      1. depressor of the hyoid bone and larynx
    3. suprahyoid
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
    4. stylopharyngeus
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
  2. intrinsic
    1. function
      1. alter the length an dtension of vocal folds and in the size of rima glottidis
    2. cricothyroid
      1. lengthen and tense vocal cords
    3. thyroarytenoid
    4. posterior cricoarytenoid
      1. abduct the vocal cords
      2. the only laryngeal muscles that abduct the vocal folds
      3. disease
        1. damage to the muscles or recurrent laryngeal nerve may make speaking an breathing difficult or imposible
    5. lateral cricoarytenoid
      1. adduct the vocal cords
    6. transverse and oblique arytenoids
    7. vocalis
      1. adjust thickness and tension
51
Q

A patient presents to you with trouble breathing and an inability to speak. Which muscle of the larynx would you want to inspect?

A

muscles of the larynx

  1. extrinsic
    1. function
      1. move the larynx as a whole
    2. infrahyoid muscles
      1. depressor of the hyoid bone and larynx
    3. suprahyoid
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
    4. stylopharyngeus
      1. elevate the hyoid bone and larynx
  2. intrinsic
    1. function
      1. alter the length an dtension of vocal folds and in the size of rima glottidis
    2. cricothyroid
      1. lengthen and tense vocal cords
    3. thyroarytenoid
    4. posterior cricoarytenoid
      1. abduct the vocal cords
      2. the only laryngeal muscles that abduct the vocal folds
      3. disease
        1. damage to the muscles or recurrent laryngeal nerve may make speaking an breathing difficult or imposible
    5. lateral cricoarytenoid
      1. adduct the vocal cords
    6. transverse and oblique arytenoids
    7. vocalis
      1. adjust thickness and tension
52
Q

describe the somatic and sensory innervation to the larynx

A

somatic innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

  1. vagus nerve CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to all of the muscles except the cricothyroids muscles
  3. external laryngeal branches
    1. to the cricothyroid muscles

sensory innervation

  1. vagus nerves CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane INFERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  3. internal laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane SUPERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  • internal laryngeal nerves
    • if damage occurs to these nerves,
      • the laryngeal mucosa of the vestibule is anesthetized and the cough reflex is lost
    • choking
      • accidentally aspirating through the laryngeal inlet above the vestibular folds. This causes the laryngeal muscles to spasm, tensing the vocal folds. The rima glottidis closes so no airenters the trachea.
      • asphyxiation occus. Death ensues with in 5 mins
53
Q

recurrent laryngeal branches innevate somatic nerves to all the muscles except….

A

somatic innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

  1. vagus nerve CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to all of the muscles except the cricothyroids muscles
  3. external laryngeal branches
    1. to the cricothyroid muscles

sensory innervation

  1. vagus nerves CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane INFERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  3. internal laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane SUPERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  • internal laryngeal nerves
    • if damage occurs to these nerves,
      • the laryngeal mucosa of the vestibule is anesthetized and the cough reflex is lost
    • choking
      • accidentally aspirating through the laryngeal inlet above the vestibular folds. This causes the laryngeal muscles to spasm, tensing the vocal folds. The rima glottidis closes so no airenters the trachea.
      • asphyxiation occus. Death ensues with in 5 mins
54
Q

describe the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

  1. vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal branches, external laryngeal branches, internal laryngeal branches
A

somatic innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

  1. vagus nerve CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to all of the muscles except the cricothyroids muscles
  3. external laryngeal branches
    1. to the cricothyroid muscles

sensory innervation

  1. vagus nerves CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane INFERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  3. internal laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane SUPERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  • internal laryngeal nerves
    • if damage occurs to these nerves,
      • the laryngeal mucosa of the vestibule is anesthetized and the cough reflex is lost
    • choking
      • accidentally aspirating through the laryngeal inlet above the vestibular folds. This causes the laryngeal muscles to spasm, tensing the vocal folds. The rima glottidis closes so no airenters the trachea.
      • asphyxiation occus. Death ensues with in 5 mins
55
Q

describethe sensory innervation to the mucous membrane superior and inferior to the vocal folds

A

somatic innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

  1. vagus nerve CN X
    1. recurrent laryngeal branches
      1. to all of the muscles except the cricothyroids muscles
    2. external laryngeal branches
      1. to the cricothyroid muscles

sensory innervation

  1. vagus nerves CN X
    1. recurrent laryngeal branches
      1. to the mucous membrane INFERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
    2. internal laryngeal branches
      1. to the mucous membrane SUPERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  • internal laryngeal nerves
    • if damage occurs to these nerves,
      • the laryngeal mucosa of the vestibule is anesthetized and the cough reflex is lost
    • choking
      • accidentally aspirating through the laryngeal inlet above the vestibular folds. This causes the laryngeal muscles to spasm, tensing the vocal folds. The rima glottidis closes so no airenters the trachea.
      • asphyxiation occus. Death ensues with in 5 mins
56
Q

describe the symptoms of a patient who has a tumor compressing the internal laryngeal nerve

A

somatic innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

  1. vagus nerve CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to all of the muscles except the cricothyroids muscles
  3. external laryngeal branches
    1. to the cricothyroid muscles

sensory innervation

  1. vagus nerves CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane INFERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  3. internal laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane SUPERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  • internal laryngeal nerves
    • if damage occurs to these nerves,
      • the laryngeal mucosa of the vestibule is anesthetized and the cough reflex is lost
    • choking
      • accidentally aspirating through the laryngeal inlet above the vestibular folds. This causes the laryngeal muscles to spasm, tensing the vocal folds. The rima glottidis closes so no airenters the trachea.
      • asphyxiation occus. Death ensues with in 5 mins
57
Q

describe the mechanism and development of the tissues involved in chocking

A

somatic innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

  1. vagus nerve CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to all of the muscles except the cricothyroids muscles
  3. external laryngeal branches
    1. to the cricothyroid muscles

sensory innervation

  1. vagus nerves CN X
  2. recurrent laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane INFERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  3. internal laryngeal branches
    1. to the mucous membrane SUPERIOR TO THE VOCAL FOLDS
  • internal laryngeal nerves
    • if damage occurs to these nerves,
      • the laryngeal mucosa of the vestibule is anesthetized and the cough reflex is lost
    • choking
      • accidentally aspirating through the laryngeal inlet above the vestibular folds. This causes the laryngeal muscles to spasm, tensing the vocal folds. The rima glottidis closes so no airenters the trachea.
      • asphyxiation occus. Death ensues with in 5 mins

MHS Anatomy unit4 2020 (6 decks)

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