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MHS Anatomy unit4 2020 > cranium > Flashcards

cranium Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main contents of the skull?

A

skeleton

  1. contents
    1. mandible, lower jaw
    2. cranium
      1. viscerocranium
        1. facial skeleton
      2. neurocranium
        1. cranial cavity and internal ear
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2
Q

list the facial skeleton

A

skeleton

  1. contents
    1. mandible, lower jaw
    2. cranium
      1. viscerocranium
        1. facial skeleton
      2. neurocranium
        1. cranial cavity and internal ear
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3
Q

list the cranial cavity and internal portion of the skull

A

skeleton

  1. contents
    1. mandible, lower jaw
    2. cranium
      1. viscerocranium
        1. facial skeleton
      2. neurocranium
        1. cranial cavity and internal ear
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4
Q

how many bones make up the cranium? what is excluded?

A

cranium

  1. contents
    1. 22 bones, excluding the 3 ear ossicles
  2. arrangement
    1. single unpaired
      1. frontal
      2. occipital
      3. sphenoid
      4. ethmoid
    2. paired bones
      1. temporal
      2. parietal
      3. nasal
      4. ppalatine
      5. lacrimal
      6. zygomatic
      7. maxilla
      8. inferior conchae
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5
Q

list the single unpaired bones of the cranium

A

cranium

  1. contents
    1. 22 bones, excluding the 3 ear ossicles
  2. arrangement
    1. single unpaired
      1. frontal
      2. occipital
      3. sphenoid
      4. ethmoid
    2. paired bones
      1. temporal
      2. parietal
      3. nasal
      4. ppalatine
      5. lacrimal
      6. zygomatic
      7. maxilla
      8. inferior conchae
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6
Q

listt the paired bones oft the cranium

A

cranium

  1. contents
    1. 22 bones, excluding the 3 ear ossicles
  2. arrangement
    1. single unpaired
      1. frontal
      2. occipital
      3. sphenoid
      4. ethmoid
    2. paired bones
      1. temporal
      2. parietal
      3. nasal
      4. palatine
      5. lacrimal
      6. zygomatic
      7. maxilla
      8. inferior conchae
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7
Q
A
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8
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9
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10
Q
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11
Q

list the sutures and fontanells of the skull

A

skull

  1. features
    1. sutures (fibrous joints)
      1. coronal, sagital, lamboidal, ppterion, and squamous
      2. allow growth between adjacent bones of the infant’s skull
      3. most calvarial sutures begin to fuse in the third decade
      4. premature fusion of a suture (craniosynostosis) may lead to distortion of the head shape
    2. Fontanelles - sites where sutures intersect
      1. anterior fontanelle
        1. “soft spot” of a baby’s head
        2. used tot assess
          1. ossification
          2. intracranial pressure
          3. hydration level
      2. posterior fontanelle
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12
Q

what is the function of the sutures in the following scenerios?

  1. infants skull
  2. when do they fuse?
  3. what occurs with premature fusion?
A

skull

  1. features
    1. sutures (fibrous joints)
      1. allow growth between adjacent bones of the infant’s skull
      2. most calvarial sutures begin to fuse in the third decade
      3. premature fusion of a suture (craniosynostosis) may lead to distortion of the head shape
    2. Fontanelles - sites where sutures intersect
      1. anterior fontanelle
        1. “soft spot” of a baby’s head
        2. used tot assess
          1. ossification
          2. intracranial pressure
          3. hydration level
      2. posterior fontanelle
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13
Q

answer the following with regard to fontanelles

  1. soft spot?
  2. how is this area used for assessment?
A

skull

  1. features
    1. sutures (fibrous joints)
      1. allow growth between adjacent bones of the infant’s skull
      2. most calvarial sutures begin to fuse in the third decade
      3. premature fusion of a suture (craniosynostosis) may lead to distortion of the head shape
    2. Fontanelles - sites where sutures intersect
      1. anterior fontanelle
        1. “soft spot” of a baby’s head
        2. used tot assess
          1. ossification
          2. intracranial pressure
          3. hydration level
      2. posterior fontanelle
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14
Q

what are the fonatanelles?

A

skull

  1. features
    1. sutures (fibrous joints)
      1. allow growth between adjacent bones of the infant’s skull
      2. most calvarial sutures begin to fuse in the third decade
      3. premature fusion of a suture (craniosynostosis) may lead to distortion of the head shape
    2. Fontanelles - sites where sutures intersect
      1. anterior fontanelle
        1. “soft spot” of a baby’s head
        2. used tot assess
          1. ossification
          2. intracranial pressure
          3. hydration level
      2. posterior fontanelle
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15
Q

list the details regarding the anterior foramen

  1. supra-orbital foramn
    1. content
  2. infra-orbital foramen
    1. content
  3. mental foramen
    1. content
A
  1. anterior
    1. supra-orbital foramn
      1. supra-orbital nerve and vessels
    2. infra-orbital foramen
      1. infra-orbital nerve and vessels
    3. mental foramen
      1. mental nerve and vessels
  2. inferior
    1. incisive foramina
      1. nasopalatine nerve
      2. sphenopalatinve vessels
    2. greater palatine foramen
      1. greater palatine nerve an dvessels
    3. lesser palatine foramina
      1. lesser palatine nerve and vessels
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular nerve (V3)
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
    5. foramen spinosum
      1. middle meningeal artery
    6. carotid canal
      1. internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
    7. foramen magnum
      1. continuation of brain and spinal cord
      2. vertbral arteries and nerve plexuses
      3. anterior spinal artery
      4. posterior spinal arteries
      5. roots of accessory nerve XI
      6. mininges
    8. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII and vessels
    9. jugular foramen
      1. internal jugular vein
      2. inferior petrosal sinus
      3. flossopharyngeal nerve IX
      4. vagus nerve X
      5. accessory nerve
    10. stylomastoid foramen
      1. facial nerve VII
  3. anterior cranial fossa
    1. olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
      1. olfactory nerves (I)
  4. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
      1. optic nerve II
      2. ophthalmic artery
    2. superior orbital fissure
      1. oculomotor nerve III
      2. trochlear nerve IV
      3. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve V1
      4. abducent nerve VI
      5. ophthalmic veins
    3. foramen rotundum
      1. maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V2
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
  5. posterior cranial fossa
    1. foramen magnum
      1. endo of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord
      2. vertebral arteries
      3. spinal roots of the accessory nerve
      4. meninges
    2. internal acoustic meatus
      1. facial nerve VII
      2. vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
      3. labyrinthine artery
    3. jugular foramen
      1. glossopharyngeal nerve IX
      2. vagus nerve X
      3. accessory nerve XI
      4. inferior petrosal sinus
      5. sigmoid sinus
        1. forming internal jugular vein
    4. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. meningeal branch of the ascending pahryngeal artery
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16
Q

list the details regarding the inferior foramen

  1. incisive foramina
  2. greater palatine foramen
      1. lesser palatine foramina
      1. foramen ovale
  3. foramen spinosum
      1. carotid canal
      1. foramen magnum
  4. hypoglossal canal
      1. jugular foramen
  5. stylomastoid foramen
    1.
A
  1. anterior
    1. supra-orbital foramn
      1. supra-orbital nerve and vessels
    2. infra-orbital foramen
      1. infra-orbital nerve and vessels
    3. mental foramen
      1. mental nerve and vessels
  2. inferior
    1. incisive foramina
      1. nasopalatine nerve
      2. sphenopalatinve vessels
    2. greater palatine foramen
      1. greater palatine nerve an dvessels
    3. lesser palatine foramina
      1. lesser palatine nerve and vessels
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular nerve (V3)
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
    5. foramen spinosum
      1. middle meningeal artery
    6. carotid canal
      1. internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
    7. foramen magnum
      1. continuation of brain and spinal cord
      2. vertbral arteries and nerve plexuses
      3. anterior spinal artery
      4. posterior spinal arteries
      5. roots of accessory nerve XI
      6. mininges
    8. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII and vessels
    9. jugular foramen
      1. internal jugular vein
      2. inferior petrosal sinus
      3. flossopharyngeal nerve IX
      4. vagus nerve X
      5. accessory nerve
    10. stylomastoid foramen
      1. facial nerve VII
  3. anterior cranial fossa
    1. olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
      1. olfactory nerves (I)
  4. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
      1. optic nerve II
      2. ophthalmic artery
    2. superior orbital fissure
      1. oculomotor nerve III
      2. trochlear nerve IV
      3. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve V1
      4. abducent nerve VI
      5. ophthalmic veins
    3. foramen rotundum
      1. maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V2
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
  5. posterior cranial fossa
    1. foramen magnum
      1. endo of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord
      2. vertebral arteries
      3. spinal roots of the accessory nerve
      4. meninges
    2. internal acoustic meatus
      1. facial nerve VII
      2. vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
      3. labyrinthine artery
    3. jugular foramen
      1. glossopharyngeal nerve IX
      2. vagus nerve X
      3. accessory nerve XI
      4. inferior petrosal sinus
      5. sigmoid sinus
        1. forming internal jugular vein
    4. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. meningeal branch of the ascending pahryngeal artery
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17
Q

list the details with regard to anterior cranial fossa foramen

  1. olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
    1.
A
  1. anterior
    1. supra-orbital foramn
      1. supra-orbital nerve and vessels
    2. infra-orbital foramen
      1. infra-orbital nerve and vessels
    3. mental foramen
      1. mental nerve and vessels
  2. inferior
    1. incisive foramina
      1. nasopalatine nerve
      2. sphenopalatinve vessels
    2. greater palatine foramen
      1. greater palatine nerve an dvessels
    3. lesser palatine foramina
      1. lesser palatine nerve and vessels
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular nerve (V3)
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
    5. foramen spinosum
      1. middle meningeal artery
    6. carotid canal
      1. internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
    7. foramen magnum
      1. continuation of brain and spinal cord
      2. vertbral arteries and nerve plexuses
      3. anterior spinal artery
      4. posterior spinal arteries
      5. roots of accessory nerve XI
      6. mininges
    8. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII and vessels
    9. jugular foramen
      1. internal jugular vein
      2. inferior petrosal sinus
      3. flossopharyngeal nerve IX
      4. vagus nerve X
      5. accessory nerve
    10. stylomastoid foramen
      1. facial nerve VII
  3. anterior cranial fossa
    1. olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
      1. olfactory nerves (I)
  4. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
      1. optic nerve II
      2. ophthalmic artery
    2. superior orbital fissure
      1. oculomotor nerve III
      2. trochlear nerve IV
      3. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve V1
      4. abducent nerve VI
      5. ophthalmic veins
    3. foramen rotundum
      1. maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V2
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
  5. posterior cranial fossa
    1. foramen magnum
      1. endo of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord
      2. vertebral arteries
      3. spinal roots of the accessory nerve
      4. meninges
    2. internal acoustic meatus
      1. facial nerve VII
      2. vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
      3. labyrinthine artery
    3. jugular foramen
      1. glossopharyngeal nerve IX
      2. vagus nerve X
      3. accessory nerve XI
      4. inferior petrosal sinus
      5. sigmoid sinus
        1. forming internal jugular vein
    4. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. meningeal branch of the ascending pahryngeal artery
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18
Q

list the details with regard to middles cranial fossa

  1. optic canal
  2. superior orbital fissure
  3. foramen rotundum
      1. foramen ovale
    2. 2.
A
  1. anterior
    1. supra-orbital foramn
      1. supra-orbital nerve and vessels
    2. infra-orbital foramen
      1. infra-orbital nerve and vessels
    3. mental foramen
      1. mental nerve and vessels
  2. inferior
    1. incisive foramina
      1. nasopalatine nerve
      2. sphenopalatinve vessels
    2. greater palatine foramen
      1. greater palatine nerve an dvessels
    3. lesser palatine foramina
      1. lesser palatine nerve and vessels
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular nerve (V3)
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
    5. foramen spinosum
      1. middle meningeal artery
    6. carotid canal
      1. internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
    7. foramen magnum
      1. continuation of brain and spinal cord
      2. vertbral arteries and nerve plexuses
      3. anterior spinal artery
      4. posterior spinal arteries
      5. roots of accessory nerve XI
      6. mininges
    8. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII and vessels
    9. jugular foramen
      1. internal jugular vein
      2. inferior petrosal sinus
      3. flossopharyngeal nerve IX
      4. vagus nerve X
      5. accessory nerve
    10. stylomastoid foramen
      1. facial nerve VII
  3. anterior cranial fossa
    1. olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
      1. olfactory nerves (I)
  4. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
      1. optic nerve II
      2. ophthalmic artery
    2. superior orbital fissure
      1. oculomotor nerve III
      2. trochlear nerve IV
      3. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve V1
      4. abducent nerve VI
      5. ophthalmic veins
    3. foramen rotundum
      1. maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V2
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
  5. posterior cranial fossa
    1. foramen magnum
      1. endo of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord
      2. vertebral arteries
      3. spinal roots of the accessory nerve
      4. meninges
    2. internal acoustic meatus
      1. facial nerve VII
      2. vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
      3. labyrinthine artery
    3. jugular foramen
      1. glossopharyngeal nerve IX
      2. vagus nerve X
      3. accessory nerve XI
      4. inferior petrosal sinus
      5. sigmoid sinus
        1. forming internal jugular vein
    4. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. meningeal branch of the ascending pahryngeal artery
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19
Q

list the details with regard to the posterior cranial fossa

  1. foramen magnum
  2. internal acoustic meatus
  3. jugular foramen
  4. hypoglossal canal
    1. 2.
A
  1. anterior
    1. supra-orbital foramn
      1. supra-orbital nerve and vessels
    2. infra-orbital foramen
      1. infra-orbital nerve and vessels
    3. mental foramen
      1. mental nerve and vessels
  2. inferior
    1. incisive foramina
      1. nasopalatine nerve
      2. sphenopalatinve vessels
    2. greater palatine foramen
      1. greater palatine nerve an dvessels
    3. lesser palatine foramina
      1. lesser palatine nerve and vessels
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular nerve (V3)
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
    5. foramen spinosum
      1. middle meningeal artery
    6. carotid canal
      1. internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
    7. foramen magnum
      1. continuation of brain and spinal cord
      2. vertbral arteries and nerve plexuses
      3. anterior spinal artery
      4. posterior spinal arteries
      5. roots of accessory nerve XI
      6. mininges
    8. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII and vessels
    9. jugular foramen
      1. internal jugular vein
      2. inferior petrosal sinus
      3. flossopharyngeal nerve IX
      4. vagus nerve X
      5. accessory nerve
    10. stylomastoid foramen
      1. facial nerve VII
  3. anterior cranial fossa
    1. olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
      1. olfactory nerves (I)
  4. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
      1. optic nerve II
      2. ophthalmic artery
    2. superior orbital fissure
      1. oculomotor nerve III
      2. trochlear nerve IV
      3. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve V1
      4. abducent nerve VI
      5. ophthalmic veins
    3. foramen rotundum
      1. maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V2
    4. foramen ovale
      1. mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3
      2. lesser petrosal nerve
  5. posterior cranial fossa
    1. foramen magnum
      1. endo of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord
      2. vertebral arteries
      3. spinal roots of the accessory nerve
      4. meninges
    2. internal acoustic meatus
      1. facial nerve VII
      2. vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
      3. labyrinthine artery
    3. jugular foramen
      1. glossopharyngeal nerve IX
      2. vagus nerve X
      3. accessory nerve XI
      4. inferior petrosal sinus
      5. sigmoid sinus
        1. forming internal jugular vein
    4. hypoglossal canal
      1. hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. meningeal branch of the ascending pahryngeal artery
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20
Q

discuss the cavities of the viscerocranium.

may help to draw out the stacked cube diagram

A

viscerocranium

  1. cavities
    1. orbits
    2. nasal cavity and sinuses
    3. external ears
    4. oral cavity (with mandible)
  2. 15 bones
    1. paired
      1. nasal
      2. palatine
      3. lacrimal
      4. zygomatic
      5. maxilla
      6. inferior conchae
    2. unpaired
      1. vomer and ethmoid
      2. mandible
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21
Q

list the paired bones of the viscerocranium (6)

A

viscerocranium

  1. cavities
    1. orbits
    2. nasal cavity and sinuses
    3. external ears
    4. oral cavity (with mandible)
  2. 15 bones
    1. paired
      1. nasal
      2. palatine
      3. lacrimal
      4. zygomatic
      5. maxilla
      6. inferior conchae
    2. unpaired
      1. vomer and ethmoid
      2. mandible
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22
Q

list the unpaired bones of the viscerocranium(3)

A

viscerocranium

  1. cavities
    1. orbits
    2. nasal cavity and sinuses
    3. external ears
    4. oral cavity (with mandible)
  2. 15 bones
    1. paired
      1. nasal
      2. palatine
      3. lacrimal
      4. zygomatic
      5. maxilla
      6. inferior conchae
    2. unpaired
      1. vomer and ethmoid
      2. mandible
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23
Q
A
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24
Q

discuss the cranial cavities with regards to the neurocranium

A

neurocranium

  1. cranial cavity
    1. hosts the brain
    2. meninges
    3. part of cranial nerves
    4. vasculature of brain
  2. 8 bones
    1. 2 paired
      1. temporal
      2. parietal
    2. 4 unpaired
      1. frontal
      2. occipital
      3. sphenoid
      4. ethmoid
        1. minor contribution to neurocranium
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25
Q

discuss the paired bones of the neurocranium

A

neurocranium

  1. cranial cavity
    1. hosts the brain
    2. meninges
    3. part of cranial nerves
    4. vasculature of brain
  2. 8 bones
    1. 2 paired
      1. temporal
      2. parietal
    2. 4 unpaired
      1. frontal
      2. occipital
      3. sphenoid
      4. ethmoid
        1. minor contribution to neurocranium
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26
Q

list the unpaired bones of the neurocranium

A

neurocranium

  1. cranial cavity
    1. hosts the brain
    2. meninges
    3. part of cranial nerves
    4. vasculature of brain
  2. 8 bones
    1. 2 paired
      1. temporal
      2. parietal
    2. 4 unpaired
      1. frontal
      2. occipital
      3. sphenoid
      4. ethmoid
        1. minor contribution to neurocranium
27
Q
A
28
Q

discuss the contents with respect to the nerurocranium, two main constituents

A

neurocranium

  1. contents
    1. cranial vault
      1. contains roof aka calvaria (skullcap)
    2. cranial base
      1. cranial floor aka:internal surface
      2. divided into 3 sections
        1. anterior cranial fossa
        2. middle cranial fossa
        3. posterior cranial fossa
29
Q

list the division of the internal surface/cranial floor of the neurcranium

A

neurocranium

  1. contents
    1. cranial vault
      1. contains roof aka calvaria (skullcap)
    2. cranial base
      1. cranial floor aka:internal surface
      2. divided into 3 sections
        1. anterior cranial fossa
        2. middle cranial fossa
        3. posterior cranial fossa
30
Q

list the structures with regard to the anterior cranial fossa

A

cranial base

  1. anterior cranial fossa
    1. cribriform plate
  2. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
    2. foramen rotundum
    3. superior orbital fissure
    4. foramen ovale
  3. posterior cranial cavity
    1. internal acoustic meatus
    2. jugular foramen
    3. hypoglossal canal
    4. foramenmagnum
31
Q

describe the middle cranial cavity contents in the cranial base

A

cranial base

  1. anterior cranial fossa
    1. cribriform plate
  2. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
    2. foramen rotundum
    3. superior orbital fissure
    4. foramen ovale
  3. posterior cranial cavity
    1. internal acoustic meatus
    2. jugular foramen
    3. hypoglossal canal
    4. foramenmagnum
32
Q

list the contents fo the cranial base with the posterior cranial cavity

A

cranial base

  1. anterior cranial fossa
    1. cribriform plate
  2. middle cranial fossa
    1. optic canal
    2. foramen rotundum
    3. superior orbital fissure
    4. foramen ovale
  3. posterior cranial cavity
    1. internal acoustic meatus
    2. jugular foramen
    3. hypoglossal canal
    4. foramenmagnum
33
Q

describe the tables of the cranial vault

A

bones of the cranial vault consists of

  1. tables
    1. An external table of compact bone
      1. thicker
    2. an internal table of compact bone
      1. thinner
  2. central layer of cancellous bone
    1. diploe
    2. diploic veins
      1. are part of the route for the intracranial spread of infection as they drain in venous sinsuses
34
Q

describethe diploe structures in the cranial vaults

A

bones of the cranial vault consists of

  1. tables
    1. An external table of compact bone
      1. thicker
    2. an internal table of compact bone
      1. thinner
  2. central layer of cancellous bone
    1. diploe
    2. diploic veins
      1. are part of the route for the intracranial spread of infection as they drain in venous sinsuses
35
Q

describe the contents of the brain in the following areas

  1. anterior cranial fossa
  2. middle cranial fossa
  3. posterior cranial fossa
A
  1. contained by neurocranium
    1. anterior cranial fossa
      1. frontal lobe of cerebrum
    2. middle cranial fossa
      1. temporal lobe of cerebrum
        1. midbrain
          1. junction between middle and posterior cranial fossa
    3. posterior cranial fossa
      1. pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
      2. occiciptal lobe of cerebrum
        1. over tentorium cerebelli
  2. arteries
    1. vertebral a. (subclavian a)
      1. basilar a->posterior cerebrala
        1. cerebellar aa and pontine aa
    2. internal carotid a
      1. anterior cerbral a
      2. middle cerevral a
      3. ophthalmic a
  3. veins
    1. drains in venous sinuses formed by dura
    2. internal jugular veins drain blood from venous sinsuses
36
Q

junction between middle and posterior cranial fossa, with regard to the brain.

A
  1. contained by neurocranium
    1. anterior cranial fossa
      1. frontal lobe of cerebrum
    2. middle cranial fossa
      1. temporal lobe of cerebrum
        1. midbrain
          1. junction between middle and posterior cranial fossa
    3. posterior cranial fossa
      1. pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
      2. occiciptal lobe of cerebrum
        1. over tentorium cerebelli
  2. arteries
    1. vertebral a. (subclavian a)
      1. basilar a->posterior cerebrala
        1. cerebellar aa and pontine aa
    2. internal carotid a
      1. anterior cerbral a
      2. middle cerevral a
      3. ophthalmic a
  3. veins
    1. drains in venous sinuses formed by dura
    2. internal jugular veins drain blood from venous sinsuses
37
Q

area of tthe brain over tenttorium cerebelli.

A
  1. contained by neurocranium
    1. anterior cranial fossa
      1. frontal lobe of cerebrum
    2. middle cranial fossa
      1. temporal lobe of cerebrum
        1. midbrain
          1. junction between middle and posterior cranial fossa
    3. posterior cranial fossa
      1. pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
      2. occiciptal lobe of cerebrum
        1. over tentorium cerebelli
  2. arteries
    1. vertebral a. (subclavian a)
      1. basilar a->posterior cerebrala
        1. cerebellar aa and pontine aa
    2. internal carotid a
      1. anterior cerbral a
      2. middle cerevral a
      3. ophthalmic a
  3. veins
    1. drains in venous sinuses formed by dura
    2. internal jugular veins drain blood from venous sinsuses
38
Q

describe thte arteries to the brain from the carotid and internal carotid.

A
  1. contained by neurocranium
    1. anterior cranial fossa
      1. frontal lobe of cerebrum
    2. middle cranial fossa
      1. temporal lobe of cerebrum
        1. midbrain
          1. junction between middle and posterior cranial fossa
    3. posterior cranial fossa
      1. pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
      2. occiciptal lobe of cerebrum
        1. over tentorium cerebelli
  2. arteries
    1. vertebral a. (subclavian a)
      1. basilar a->posterior cerebrala
        1. cerebellar aa and pontine aa
    2. internal carotid a
      1. anterior cerbral a
      2. middle cerevral a
      3. ophthalmic a
  3. veins
    1. drains in venous sinuses formed by dura
    2. internal jugular veins drain blood from venous sinsuses
39
Q

describe the venous drainage from the brain

A
  1. contained by neurocranium
    1. anterior cranial fossa
      1. frontal lobe of cerebrum
    2. middle cranial fossa
      1. temporal lobe of cerebrum
        1. midbrain
          1. junction between middle and posterior cranial fossa
    3. posterior cranial fossa
      1. pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
      2. occiciptal lobe of cerebrum
        1. over tentorium cerebelli
  2. arteries
    1. vertebral a. (subclavian a)
      1. basilar a->posterior cerebrala
        1. cerebellar aa and pontine aa
    2. internal carotid a
      1. anterior cerbral a
      2. middle cerevral a
      3. ophthalmic a
  3. veins
    1. drains in venous sinuses formed by dura
    2. internal jugular veins drain blood from venous sinsuses
40
Q

describet the dura mater layers with attachment to structures.

A

meninges

  1. details
    1. the brain is enclosed by three connetive tissue membranes
  2. layers
    1. dura mater
      1. tough outer membrane
      2. consists of two layers
        1. periosteal layer
          1. lining the bone of the calvaria
        2. inner meningeal layer
    2. arachnoid mater
      1. thin, transparent intermediate layer
    3. pia mater
      1. thin layer adherent to the brain
41
Q

describe the following with respect to the meninges

  1. lining the bone of the calvaria
  2. lines the deep portion superficial to the arachnoid mater
A

meninges

  1. details
    1. the brain is enclosed by three connetive tissue membranes
  2. layers
    1. dura mater
      1. tough outer membrane
      2. consists of two layers
        1. periosteal layer
          1. lining the bone of the calvaria
        2. inner meningeal layer
    2. arachnoid mater
      1. thin, transparent intermediate layer
    3. pia mater
      1. thin layer adherent to the brain
42
Q

describe the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid space.

  1. what generates the fluid here?
  2. what disease and how can it manifest involving this location?
A

meninges

  1. details
    1. the brain is enclosed by three connetive tissue membranes
  2. layers
    1. dura mater
      1. tough outer membrane
      2. consists of two layers
        1. periosteal layer
          1. lining the bone of the calvaria
        2. meningeal layer
    2. arachnoid mater
      1. thin, transparent intermediate layer
    3. pia mater
      1. thin layer adherent to the brain
  3. spaces
    1. subarachnoid space
      1. lacated between the arachnoid matter and pia matter
      2. contains
        1. CSF
          1. helps protect the brain
          2. produced
            1. chroid plexus - within ventricles of the brain and passes into the subarachnoid space and is reabsorbed in superior sinus
      3. disease
        1. hydrocephalus
          1. overproduction of CSF leads while the flow is obstructed and/or failure of reabsorbtion, leads to the dilation of cerebral ventricular system.
43
Q

describe the layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain.

A

meninges

  1. details
    1. the brain is enclosed by three connetive tissue membranes
  2. layers
    1. dura mater
      1. tough outer membrane
      2. consists of two layers
        1. periosteal layer
          1. lining the bone of the calvaria
        2. meningeal layer
    2. arachnoid mater
      1. thin, transparent intermediate layer
    3. pia mater
      1. thin layer adherent to the brain
  3. spaces
    1. subarachnoid space
      1. lacated between the arachnoid matter and pia matter
      2. contains
        1. CSF
          1. helps protect the brain
          2. produced
            1. chroid plexus - within ventricles of the brain and passes into the subarachnoid space and is reabsorbed in superior sinus
      3. disease
        1. hydrocephalus
          1. overproduction of CSF leads while the flow is obstructed and/or failure of reabsorbtion, leads to the dilation of cerebral ventricular system.
44
Q

describe the following with respect to dural folds.

  1. what are they?
  2. partially separattes hemipheres of cerebrum
  3. between cerebellum andoccipital lobe of the cerebrum
A

dural folds and brain herniation

  1. meningeal layer of dura mater projects inwardly in places, forming dural folds:
    1. cerebral falx aka falx cerebri
      1. partially separates hemispheres of cerebrum
    2. cerebellar tentorium
      1. contains an oval opening the tentorial notch
      2. between cerebellum andoccipital lobe of the cerebrum
    3. cerebellar falx (falx cerebilli)
      1. parially separates hemispheres of cerebellum
    4. sella diaphragm (diaphragma sellae)
      1. ocer hypophysial fossa
  2. details
    1. dural folds partly subdivide the crania lcavity into intracranial compartments
      1. space occupying lesions may caues a brain heniation from one compartment into another that results in compression of nerves and vessels
45
Q

describe the following with respect to dural folds

  1. parially separates hemispheres of cerebellum
  2. over hypophysial fossa
A

dural folds and brain herniation

  1. meningeal layer of dura mater projects inwardly in places, forming dural folds:
    1. cerebral falx aka falx cerebri
      1. partially separates hemispheres of cerebrum
    2. cerebellar tentorium
      1. contains an oval opening the tentorial notch
      2. between cerebellum andoccipital lobe of teh cerebrum
    3. cerebellar falx (falx cerebilli)
      1. parially separates hemispheres of cerebellum
    4. sella diaphragm (diaphragma sellae)
      1. over hypophysial fossa
  2. details
    1. dural folds partly subdivide the cranial cavity into intracranial compartments
      1. space occupying lesions may caues a brain herniation from one compartment into another that results in compression of nerves and vessels
46
Q

partly divide the cranial cavity into intracranial compratments. What implications does this have during a trauma?

A

dural folds and brain herniation

  1. meningeal layer of dura mater projects inwardly in places, forming dural folds:
    1. cerebral falx aka falx cerebri
      1. partially separates hemispheres of cerebrum
    2. cerebellar tentorium
      1. contains an oval opening the tentorial notch
      2. between cerebellum andoccipital lobe of teh cerebrum
    3. cerebellar falx (falx cerebilli)
      1. parially separates hemispheres of cerebellum
    4. sella diaphragm (diaphragma sellae)
      1. ocer hypophysial fossa
  2. details
    1. dural folds partly subdivide the cranial cavity into intracranial compartments
      1. space occupying lesions may caues a brain herniation from one compartment into another that results in compression of nerves and vessels
47
Q

describe the arterial supply of dura matter and neurocranium with regard to the branches of the internal carotid and external carotid.

A
  1. arterial supply ofdura matter and neurocranium
    1. anterior fossa
      1. anterior meningeal a
        1. branches of thmoidal->ophthalmic a
          1. from the internal carotid
    2. middle fossa
      1. middle meningeal and accessory meningeal
        1. branches of maxillary
          1. from the external carotid
    3. posterior fossa
      1. posterior meningeal a
        1. branch of ascending phryngeal a
          1. from external caraotid
      2. meningeal branches of
        1. ascending pharyngeal a
        2. occipital a
        3. vertebral a
  2. intracranial hemorrhage
    1. details
      1. middle meningeal artery and epidural hematoma
        1. usually traverses a deep groove or canal in the region of pterion
          1. temporal region of the skull
        2. if fracture occurs here it may result in a life-threatening extradural (epidural) hematoma where the double layer dura separates from bone
      2. subdural hematoma
        1. occurs at the junctiton between dura and arachnoid
        2. usually venous in origin
          1. vein of the brain torn from the sinus where it drains
      3. subarachnoid hematoma
        1. occurs between arachnoid and pia
        2. results from the rutpture of an artery of the brain dur to aneurysm or cerebral laceration
48
Q

Describe the feed from the external carotid that enters the foramen spinosum

A
  1. arterial supply of dura matter and neurocranium, in the periosteal layer
    1. anterior cranial fossa
      1. anterior meningeal a
        1. branches of thmoidal->ophthalmic a
          1. from the internal carotid
    2. middle cranial fossa
      1. middle meningeal and accessory meningeal
        1. branches of maxillary
          1. from the external carotid
        2. middle meningeal artery supplies the greatest part of the dura
        3. enters through tthe foramen spinosum and divides into branches
    3. posterior cranial fossa
      1. posterior meningeal a
        1. branch of ascending phryngeal a
          1. from external caraotid
      2. meningeal branches from a
        1. ascending pharyngeal a
          1. enter the posterior cranial fossa through the hypoglossal canal
        2. occipital a
          1. enter the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen and the mastoid foramen
        3. vertebral a
          1. enters the posterior cranial fossa through the foramen magnum
  2. intracranial hemorrhage
    1. details
      1. middle meningeal artery and epidural hematoma
        1. usually traverses a deep groove or canal in the region of pterion
          1. temporal region of the skull
        2. middle meningeal artery supplies the greatest part of the dura
        3. if fracture occurs here it may result in a life-threatening extradural (epidural) hematoma where the double layer dura separates from bone
      2. subdural hematoma
        1. occurs at the junctiton between dura and arachnoid
        2. usually venous in origin
          1. vein of the brain torn from the sinus where it drains
      3. subarachnoid hematoma
        1. occurs between arachnoid and pia
        2. results from the rutpture of an artery of the brain dur to aneurysm or cerebral laceration
49
Q

which artery is at greates risk for hemorrhage? Explain

A
  1. arterial supply of dura matter and neurocranium, in the periosteal layer
    1. anterior cranial fossa
      1. anterior meningeal a
        1. branches of thmoidal->ophthalmic a
          1. from the internal carotid
    2. middle cranial fossa
      1. middle meningeal and accessory meningeal
        1. branches of maxillary
          1. from the external carotid
        2. middle meningeal artery supplies the greatest part of the dura
        3. enters through tthe foramen spinosum and divides into branches
    3. posterior cranial fossa
      1. posterior meningeal a
        1. branch of ascending phryngeal a
          1. from external caraotid
      2. meningeal branches from a
        1. ascending pharyngeal a
          1. enter the posterior cranial fossa through the hypoglossal canal
        2. occipital a
          1. enter the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen and the mastoid foramen
        3. vertebral a
          1. enters the posterior cranial fossa through the foramen magnum
  2. intracranial hemorrhage
    1. details
      1. middle meningeal artery and epidural hematoma
        1. usually traverses a deep groove or canal in the region of pterion
          1. temporal region of the skull
        2. middle meningeal artery supplies the greatest part of the dura
        3. if fracture occurs here it may result in a life-threatening extradural (epidural) hematoma where the double layer dura separates from bone
      2. subdural hematoma
        1. occurs at the junctiton between dura and arachnoid
        2. usually venous in origin
          1. vein of the brain torn from the sinus where it drains
      3. subarachnoid hematoma
        1. occurs between arachnoid and pia
        2. results from the rutpture of an artery of the brain dur to aneurysm or cerebral laceration
50
Q

describe a subdural hematoma

A
  1. arterial supply ofdura matter and neurocranium
    1. anterior fossa
      1. anterior meningeal a
        1. branches of thmoidal->ophthalmic a
          1. from the internal carotid
    2. middle fossa
      1. middle meningeal and accessory meningeal
        1. branches of maxillary
          1. from the external carotid
    3. posterior fossa
      1. posterior meningeal a
        1. branch of ascending phryngeal a
          1. from external caraotid
      2. meningeal branches of
        1. ascending pharyngeal a
        2. occipital a
        3. vertebral a
  2. intracranial hemorrhage
    1. details
      1. middle meningeal artery and epidural hematoma
        1. usually traverses a deep groove or canal in the region of pterion
          1. temporal region of the skull
        2. if fracture occurs here it may result in a life-threatening extradural (epidural) hematoma where the double layer dura separates from bone
      2. subdural hematoma
        1. occurs at the junctiton between dura and arachnoid
        2. usually venous in origin
          1. vein of the brain torn from the sinus where it drains
      3. subarachnoid hematoma
        1. occurs between arachnoid and pia
        2. results from the rutpture of an artery of the brain dur to aneurysm or cerebral laceration
51
Q

describe a subarachnoid hematoma

A
  1. arterial supply ofdura matter and neurocranium
    1. anterior fossa
      1. anterior meningeal a
        1. branches of thmoidal->ophthalmic a
          1. from the internal carotid
    2. middle fossa
      1. middle meningeal and accessory meningeal
        1. branches of maxillary
          1. from the external carotid
    3. posterior fossa
      1. posterior meningeal a
        1. branch of ascending phryngeal a
          1. from external caraotid
      2. meningeal branches of
        1. ascending pharyngeal a
        2. occipital a
        3. vertebral a
  2. intracranial hemorrhage
    1. details
      1. middle meningeal artery and epidural hematoma
        1. usually traverses a deep groove or canal in the region of pterion
          1. temporal region of the skull
        2. if fracture occurs here it may result in a life-threatening extradural (epidural) hematoma where the double layer dura separates from bone
      2. subdural hematoma
        1. occurs at the junctiton between dura and arachnoid
        2. usually venous in origin
          1. vein of the brain torn from the sinus where it drains
      3. subarachnoid hematoma
        1. occurs between arachnoid and pia
        2. results from the rutpture of an artery of the brain dur to aneurysm or cerebral laceration
52
Q

describe the following venous sinuses

A

dural venous sinuses

  1. endothelial - lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater or within folds of the meningeal layer
  2. they drain most of the blood from the brain
  3. include
    1. superior sagittal sinus
      1. ​recieves: superior cerebral diploic and emissary veins and CSF
    2. inferior sagittal sinus
      1. ​receives: A few cerebral veins and veins from the falx cerebri​
    3. straight sinus
      1. ​receives: inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral vein, posterior cerebral veins, superior cerebellar veins, and veins from the falx cerebri
    4. transvere sinuses
      1. ​receives: drainage from conluence of sinuses
    5. sigmoid sinuses
      1. becomes the internal jugular vein as itt exits the cranial cavity
      2. it drains tthe most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity
    6. cavernous and intercaverous sinuses
      1. located lateral to the sell tucica
      2. important connections to other
        1. dural sinuses
        2. pterygoid plexusophthalmic veins
      3. has the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve (VI) traversing it
      4. lateral wall contains
        1. oculomotor CNIII
        2. trochlear CNIV
        3. ophthalmic CNV1
        4. maxillary nerves CNV2
    7. basilar plexus and occipial sinus
    8. occlusions of cavernous sinus by clots, infectious thrmbi or tumors can affect function of nerves
      1. are continuous with the internal vertebral plexus
      2. this connection allows the spread of cancer cells or infection fro mthe vertebral canal into the cranial cavity
  4. occipital, strait and superior sagittal sinuses meet at confluence of sinuses
53
Q

this dural venous sinus becomes the internal jugular vein as it exits the cranial cavity. What does it drain?

A

dural venous sinuses

  1. endothelial - lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater or within folds of the meningeal layer
  2. they drain most of the blood from the brain
  3. include
    1. superior sagittal sinus
    2. inferior sagittal sinus
    3. straight sinus
    4. transvere sinuses
    5. sigmoid sinuses
      1. becomes the internal jugular vein as itt exits the cranial cavity
      2. it drains the most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity
    6. cavernous and intercaverous sinuses
      1. located lateral to the sell tucica
      2. important connections to other
        1. dural sinuses
        2. pterygoid plexusophthalmic veins
      3. has the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve (VI) traversing it
      4. lateral wall contains
        1. oculomotor CNIII
        2. trochlear CNIV
        3. ophthalmic CNV1
        4. maxillary nerves CNV2
    7. basilar plexus and occipial sinus
    8. occlusions of cavernous sinus by clots, infectious thrmbi or tumors can affect function of nerves
      1. are continuous with the internal vertebral plexus
      2. this connection allows the spread of cancer cells or infection fro mthe vertebral canal into the cranial cavity
  4. occipital, strait and superior sagittal sinuses meet at confluence of sinuses
54
Q

describe the contents of the lateral wall in the cavernous sinus. What nerve travels below the internal carotid in the cavernous sinus?

A

dural venous sinuses

  1. endothelial - lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater or within folds of the meningeal layer
  2. they drain most of the blood from the brain
  3. include
    1. superior sagittal sinus
    2. inferior sagittal sinus
    3. straight sinus
    4. transvere sinuses
    5. sigmoid sinuses
      1. becomes the internal jugular vein as itt exits the cranial cavity
      2. it drains tthe most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity
    6. cavernous and intercaverous sinuses
      1. located lateral to the sell tucica
      2. important connections to other
        1. dural sinuses
        2. pterygoid plexusophthalmic veins
      3. has the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve (VI) traversing it
      4. lateral wall contains
        1. oculomotor CNIII
        2. trochlear CNIV
        3. ophthalmic CNV1
        4. maxillary nerves CNV2
    7. basilar plexus and occipial sinus
    8. occlusions of cavernous sinus by clots, infectious thrmbi or tumors can affect function of nerves
      1. are continuous with the internal vertebral plexus
      2. this connection allows the spread of cancer cells or infection fro mthe vertebral canal into the cranial cavity
  4. occipital, strait and superior sagittal sinuses meet at confluence of sinuses
55
Q

located lateral to the sell tucica. what part of the brain sits in the middle of this structure?

A

dural venous sinuses

  1. endothelial - lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater or within folds of the meningeal layer
  2. they drain most of the blood from the brain
  3. include
    1. superior sagittal sinus
    2. inferior sagittal sinus
    3. straight sinus
    4. transvere sinuses
    5. sigmoid sinuses
      1. becomes the internal jugular vein as itt exits the cranial cavity
      2. it drains tthe most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity
    6. cavernous and intercaverous sinuses
      1. located lateral to the sell tucica
      2. important connections to other
        1. dural sinuses
        2. pterygoid plexus ophthalmic veins
      3. has the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve (VI) traversing it
      4. lateral wall contains
        1. oculomotor CNIII
        2. trochlear CNIV
        3. ophthalmic CNV1
        4. maxillary nerves CNV2
      5. note the pituitary gland sits in the cavernous sinus
    7. basilar plexus and occipial sinus
    8. occlusions of cavernous sinus by clots, infectious thrmbi or tumors can affect function of nerves
      1. are continuous with the internal vertebral plexus
      2. this connection allows the spread of cancer cells or infection fro mthe vertebral canal into the cranial cavity
  4. occipital, strait and superior sagittal sinuses meet at confluence of sinuses
56
Q

describe the contents of the cavernous sinus.

A

dural venous sinuses

  1. endothelial - lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater or within folds of the meningeal layer
  2. they drain most of the blood from the brain
  3. include
    1. superior sagittal sinus
    2. inferior sagittal sinus
    3. straight sinus
    4. transvere sinuses
    5. sigmoid sinuses
      1. becomes the internal jugular vein as itt exits the cranial cavity
      2. it drains tthe most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity
    6. cavernous and intercaverous sinuses
      1. located lateral to the sell tucica
      2. important connections to other
        1. dural sinuses
        2. pterygoid plexusophthalmic veins
      3. has the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve (VI) traversing it
      4. lateral wall contains
        1. oculomotor CNIII
        2. trochlear CNIV
        3. ophthalmic CNV1
        4. maxillary nerves CNV2
    7. basilar plexus and occipial sinus
    8. occlusions of cavernous sinus by clots, infectious thrmbi or tumors can affect function of nerves
      1. are continuous with the internal vertebral plexus
      2. this connection allows the spread of cancer cells or infection fro mthe vertebral canal into the cranial cavity
  4. occipital, strait and superior sagittal sinuses meet at confluence of sinuses
57
Q

what can occur if clots, infectious thrombi or tumors reach/influence the cavernous sinus?

A

dural venous sinuses

  1. endothelial - lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater or within folds of the meningeal layer
  2. they drain most of the blood from the brain
  3. include
    1. superior sagittal sinus
    2. inferior sagittal sinus
    3. straight sinus
    4. transvere sinuses
    5. sigmoid sinuses
      1. becomes the internal jugular vein as itt exits the cranial cavity
      2. it drains tthe most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity
    6. cavernous and intercaverous sinuses
      1. located lateral to the sell tucica
      2. important connections to other
        1. dural sinuses
        2. pterygoid plexusophthalmic veins
      3. has the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve (VI) traversing it
      4. lateral wall contains
        1. oculomotor CNIII
        2. trochlear CNIV
        3. ophthalmic CNV1
        4. maxillary nerves CNV2
    7. basilar plexus and occipial sinus
    8. occlusions of cavernous sinus by clots, infectious thrmbi or tumors can affect function of nerves
      1. are continuous with the internal vertebral plexus
      2. this connection allows the spread of cancer cells or infection fro mthe vertebral canal into the cranial cavity
  4. occipital, strait and superior sagittal sinuses meet at confluence of sinuses
58
Q

describe the innervation of the dura mater with respect to trigeminal nerve

  • GSE/GSA/GVE/GVA?
  • anterior cranial fossa contain branches of the _____
  • meningeal branch go to?
  • middle cranial fossa branch conain branches of ?
A

innervation of the dura mater

  1. trigeminal nerve
    1. GSA
    2. in the anterior cranial fossa
      1. branches of the ethmoidal nerve V1
    3. a meningeal branch of V1 to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerbelli
    4. in the middle cranial fossa
      1. meningeal branches of V2 and V3
  2. spinal nerves C1-C3
    1. GSA
    2. meningeal branches to the posterior cranial fossa
  3. many headaches are dural in origin, releated to venous sinus or meningeal arteries
    1. pain is referred to cutaneous or mucosal areas innervated by these nerves
59
Q

meningeal branches to the posterior cranial fossa, contain spinal nerves from which portion of the spine?

GSE/GSA/GVE/GVA?

A

innervation of the dura mater

  1. trigeminal nerve
    1. GSA
    2. in the anterior cranial fossa
      1. branches of the ethmoidal nerve V1
    3. a meningeal branch of V1 to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerbelli
    4. in the middle cranial fossa
      1. meningeal branches of V2 and V3
  2. spinal nerves C1-C3
    1. GSA
    2. meningeal branches to the posterior cranial fossa
  3. many headaches are dural in origin, releated to venous sinus or meningeal arteries
    1. pain is referred to cutaneous or mucosal areas innervated by these nerves
60
Q

describe the origin of frequent headaches.

A

innervation of the dura mater

  1. trigeminal nerve
    1. GSA
    2. in the anterior cranial fossa
      1. branches of the ethmoidal nerve V1
    3. a meningeal branch of V1 to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerbelli
    4. in the middle cranial fossa
      1. meningeal branches of V2 and V3
  2. spinal nerves C1-C3
    1. GSA
    2. meningeal branches to the posterior cranial fossa
  3. many headaches are dural in origin, releated to venous sinus or meningeal arteries
    1. pain is referred to cutaneous or mucosal areas innervated by these nerves
61
Q

list the following cranial nerves

  1. CNI
  2. CNII
  3. CNIII,IV,&VI
A

cranial nerves

  1. soma of cranial nerves are loated in brainstem or sensory ganglia
  2. cranial nerves are numbered in rostral-caudal sequence that they pierce the dura mater of the cranial base
    1. CNI
      1. cribriform plate
    2. CNII
      1. optic canal
    3. CNIII,IV,&VI
      1. superior orbital fissure
    4. CNV
      1. V1->superior orbital fissure
      2. V2->foramen ovale
      3. V3->foramen rotundum
    5. CNVII
      1. internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen
    6. CNVIII
      1. internal acoustic meatus
    7. CNIX,X,XI
      1. jugular foramen
    8. XII
      1. hypoglossal canal
  3. notes
    1. in a fracture of the cranial base dura can be torn and csf may leak from the nose (CSF rhinorrhea) or ear (CSF otorrhea) and predispose to the development of meningitis
62
Q

list the following cranial nerves

  1. CNV
  2. CNVII
A

cranial nerves

  1. soma of cranial nerves are loated in brainstem or sensory ganglia
  2. cranial nerves are numbered in rostral-caudal sequence that they pierce the dura mater of the cranial base
    1. CNI
      1. cribriform plate
    2. CNII
      1. optic canal
    3. CNIII,IV,&VI
      1. superior orbital fissure
    4. CNV
      1. V1->superior orbital fissure
      2. V2->foramen ovale
      3. V3->foramen rotundum
    5. CNVII
      1. internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen
    6. CNVIII
      1. internal acoustic meatus
    7. CNIX,X,XI
      1. jugular foramen
    8. XII
      1. hypoglossal canal
  3. notes
    1. in a fracture of the cranial base dura can be torn and csf may leak from the nose (CSF rhinorrhea) or ear (CSF otorrhea) and predispose to the development of meningitis
63
Q

list the following cranial nerves

  1. CNVIII
  2. CNIX,X,XI
  3. XII
A

cranial nerves

  1. soma of cranial nerves are loated in brainstem or sensory ganglia
  2. cranial nerves are numbered in rostral-caudal sequence that they pierce the dura mater of the cranial base
    1. CNI
      1. cribriform plate
    2. CNII
      1. optic canal
    3. CNIII,IV,&VI
      1. superior orbital fissure
    4. CNV
      1. V1->superior orbital fissure
      2. V2->foramen ovale
      3. V3->foramen rotundum
    5. CNVII
      1. internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen
    6. CNVIII
      1. internal acoustic meatus
    7. CNIX,X,XI
      1. jugular foramen
    8. XII
      1. hypoglossal canal
  3. notes
    1. in a fracture of the cranial base dura can be torn and csf may leak from the nose (CSF rhinorrhea) or ear (CSF otorrhea) and predispose to the development of meningitis
64
Q

how is it possible for CSF to come out of the ear or nose?

A

cranial nerves

  1. soma of cranial nerves are loated in brainstem or sensory ganglia
  2. cranial nerves are numbered in rostral-caudal sequence that they pierce the dura mater of the cranial base
    1. CNI
      1. cribriform plate
    2. CNII
      1. optic canal
    3. CNIII,IV,&VI
      1. superior orbital fissure
    4. CNV
      1. V1->superior orbital fissure
      2. V2->foramen ovale
      3. V3->foramen rotundum
    5. CNVII
      1. internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen
    6. CNVIII
      1. internal acoustic meatus
    7. CNIX,X,XI
      1. jugular foramen
    8. XII
      1. hypoglossal canal
  3. notes
    1. in a fracture of the cranial base dura can be torn and csf may leak from the nose (CSF rhinorrhea) or ear (CSF otorrhea) and predispose to the development of meningitis

MHS Anatomy unit4 2020 (6 decks)

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