larynx

Question 1

What is the functions of the larynx

Answer 1

protects airways from choke

regulated flow of air into the lungs

production of sound and phonation

Question 2

list the features that comprise the laryngeal inlet and the entrance to the vestibule

Answer 2

epiglottis
aryepiglottic folds
corniculate and cuneiform tubercles
interarytenoid notch

Question 3

what is the infraglottic cavity of the larynx?

Answer 3

ventral aspect of vocal fold to first cartilagenous ring of trachea

Question 4

what type of mucosa covers the epiglottis?

Answer 4

dorsally: similar mucosa to that lining the tongue and contains some taste buds
ventral: similiar mucosa to that lined the respiratory tract

Question 5

what is the clinical significance of the superior thyroid notch in the horse

Answer 5

point of access during surgery as only partially fused in horses

Question 6

list the joints of the larynx

Answer 6

cricothyroid joint
cricoarythenoid
aryteno-corniculate joint

Question 7

what is the function of the cricothyroid

Answer 7

draws the thyroid cartialge ventro-caudally causing the stretching and lengthening of the vocal ligament.

overall tenses the vocal chords

Question 8

what is the function of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscle

Answer 8

adduction and spincter like action

Question 9

what is the function of the aryepiglottic muscle

Answer 9

adduction and sphincter like action

Question 10

what is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Answer 10

adduction and sphincter like action

Question 11

what is the function of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

Answer 11

abduction

Question 12

what is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle

Answer 12

draws the arytenoid cartilages ventrally thus shortening and relxing the vocal ligament

Question 13

what is the function of the vocalis muscle

Answer 13

considered the deep part of the thyroarytenoideus; draws arytenoid cartilages ventrally to relax the dorsal part of the vocal ligament while simultaneously tensing the ventral part

allows for the fine tuning of sound and is used in singing

Question 14

What muscles compose the thyroarytenoideus

Answer 14

vocalis

ventricularis

Question 15

Describe the innervation of the larynx

Answer 15

all muscles innervated by the caudal (recurrent) laryngeal nerve except the cricothyroideus muscle which is instead inervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve

Question 16

what large nerve do the cranial and caudal laryngeal nerves branch from?

Answer 16

vagus (CNX)

Question 17

what is the function of the laryngeal ventricle and what species is it present in?

Answer 17

present in the horse

behaves as a resonance chamber and allows for maximal dilation in the horse

Question 18

focal calcification and ossification is common of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. T or F

Answer 18

T. calcification and ossification increases with age

Question 19

what is the name of the ligament within the vocal folds

Answer 19

vocal ligament

Question 20

what type of epithelium covers the larynx

Answer 20

stratified squamous

Question 21

what is the functional purpose of having stratified squamous epithelium covering the larynx

Answer 21

minimises risk of abrasion from food and the abrupt force which is generated during sneezing or coughing

Question 22

what comprises the glottis?

Answer 22

vocal folds and arytenoid cartilage

Question 23

what type of epithelium covers the glottis?

Answer 23

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 24

what is the infraglottic cavity

Answer 24

cavity caudal to the glottis that leads into the lumen of the trachea

Question 25

what is the piriform recess

Answer 25

pathway for food and liquids created from the closure of the epiglottis along the pharyngeal floor

Question 26

how would the removal of the glottis affect the function of the larynx in preventing the entrance of food and liquid matter entering the airways

Answer 26

larynx successfully prevents entrance of food and liquid matter purely through the function of the epiglottis

Question 27

What may cause the vocal folds to close?

Answer 27

desire to create a large intra-thoracic pressure during parturition, micturition and defecation or just before sneezing or coughing

production of some sounds will also require either complete or partial closure of the folds

Question 28

what is the general function of the pharyngeal muscles

Answer 28

assists with swallowing

Question 29

what is responsible for purring in cats

Answer 29

fast twitching of laryngeal msucles and the diaphragm causing rapid narrowing and widening of the glottis

Question 30

what ligament is most commonly incised during surgery of the larynx

Answer 30

cricothyroid ligament

Question 31

describe roaring syndrome aka laryngeal hemiplegia

Answer 31

unilateral adduction of the arytenoid cartialge preventing normal dilation of the glottis thus reducing respiratory efficiency

atrophy of intrinsic laryngeal musculature

Question 32

is the right of left arytenoid most commonly affected in cases of laryngeal hemiplegia

Answer 32

left: recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve extends deep into the thoracic cavity to encircle the ductus arteriosus and is therefore prone to pathological stretching

Question 33

which muscle of the larynx is usually the first to be affected by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 33

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis