Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main parts of the large intestine called?

A
Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of enema is used as contrast in imaging of the large intesting

A

Barium enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are haustra?

A

The haustra (singular haustrum) of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of valve is the ileoceacal valve?

A

flutter valve - one way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

During ileal distension is the ileoceacal valve open or closed?

A

open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

During caecal distension is the ileocaecal valve open or closed?

A

closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is haustration?

A

Slow contractions of the circular muscle squeeze contents to and fro, as in segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a mass movement?

A

Occasionally (a few times a day), become organised into a peristaltic wave. Haustra briefly disappear as the mass movement sweeps by, then reform.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the coordination of motility in the large intestine controlled by?

A

Most control is intrinsic, via the enteric nervous system.

Some parasympathetic control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Motility also affected by enteroendocrine and neurocrine influences, from cells releasing what?

A

5-HT and Peptide YY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What reflexes can trigger mass movements?

A

Gastrocolic and orthocolic reflexes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an ileal brake?

A

The presence of undigested lipid in distal ileum and proximal colon releases peptide YY, slowing gastric emptying and small bowel peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is responsible for digestion in the colon?

A

Bacteria, not enzymes!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When bacteria digest fibre, what is produced?

A

short chain fatty acids such as butyric acid, hydrogen, and methane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When bacteria digest urea and amino acids, what is produced?

A

ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When bacteria digest bilirubin, what is produced?

A

urobilinogen and stercobilins

17
Q

When bacteria digest cysetine and methionine, what is produced?

A

hydrogen sulphide

18
Q

How are short chain fatty acids absorbed by colonocytes?

A

Na+ linked transporter. important source of energy for colonocytes

19
Q

What are ENaC channels?

A

allow transcellular sodium transport

20
Q

What hormone is salt absorption in the colon stimulated by?

A

aldosterone

21
Q

Which 2 toxins increase cAMP?

A

cholera and E.coli

22
Q

What secretagogue does C.Dificile increase?

A

Ca2+

23
Q

What type of diarrhoea do cholera, E.coli and C.Dificile lead to?

A

secretory diarrhoea

24
Q

What is the balance of potassium in the colon determined by?

A

plasma [K+], adosterone and cAMP

25
Q

What type of muscle does the internal anal sphincter have?

A

smooth muscle

26
Q

What type of muscle does the external anal sphincter have?

A

skeletal muscle

27
Q

What is the dentate (pectinate) line?

A

Where the epithelium becomes stratified squamous

28
Q

As faeces enter the rectum, the pressure rises. What does this trigger?

A

reflex relaxation of the internal anal sphincter, and the urge to defaecate.

29
Q

What is the purpose of sitting or squatting to defecate?

A

Sitting or squatting increases the rectosigmoid angle, facilitating the passage of faeces.

30
Q

What provides the motive force of defecation?

A

Rectal peristalsis, sometimes triggering

a colonic mass movement, plus raised intraabdominal pressure (Valsalva manoeuvre)