Large Animal Urinary Tract Disease Flashcards
What urinary diseases do farm animals get?
Urolithiasis Amyloidosis Enzootic haematuria Ulcerative posthitis/vulvitis Pyelonephritis Umbilical disease
What large animals most commonly get uroliths?
Small Ruminants
What predisposes these animals to getting uroliths ?
Castrated Male Obese Diet imbalance Alkaline urine Hard water (high calcium) Dehydration UTI
What dietary factors predispose to uroliths?
High concentrate/low roughage
Imbalanced phosphate / calcium
High Magnesium
What types of uroliths do large animals get?
Calcium carbonate and apatite
Phosphate - calcium phosphate, STRUVITE
Silicate
Oxalate
Where do small ruminants get obstructions from uroliths?
Urethral process or distal sigmoid flexure
Where do cows get urolith obstructions
Sigmoid flexure
What are the early clinical signs associated with urolithiasis?
Haematuria Dysuria Crystals on prepuce Tail flagging and colic signs Tenesmus
What are the late clinical signs associated with urolithiasis?
Anorexia Depression Prenuptial swelling Abdominal distension Recumbent, seizures, death
How can you diagnose uroliths?
History and CS
Azotaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, acidosis
US and rads
What are the complications associated with urolithiasis
Bladder/urethral Rupture
Hydronephrosis
How should you manage urolithiasis
Medical (not great)
- antispasmodic
- urinary acidification
Surgical management
- urethral process amputation
- tube cystotomy
- perineal urethrostomy
What species commonly gets amyloidosis?
What is associated with?
What does it cause?
COWS
Chronic sepsis e.g. metritis, mastitis, pneumonia, pericarditis
PLN
What clinical signs are associated with amyloidosis?
Oedema
Weight loss
Chronic diarrhoea
Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminaemia
Azotaemia
What causes enzootic haematuria?
What are the clinical signs?
CHRONIC BRACKEN GRAZING
Haemorrhagic cystitis, haematuria
What is the colloquial name for ulcerative posthitis?
Pizzle rot
What causes pizzle rot?
Corynebacterium renale
- High protein diets increase urea,
- bacteria break down to ammonia
- scald skin and bacteria infect
What clinical signs are associated with pizzle rot?
Pain
Loss of condition
Decreased fertility/libido
How do you manage pizzle rot?
Clean and debride
Penicillin
NSAIDs
Reduce dietary protein
What urinary diseases do horses get?
Pyelonephritis
Umbilical disease
Renal failure
Bladder rupture (foals)
What is the most common renal disease in cows?
Pyelonephritis
What are the acute signs of pyelonephritis
Pyrexia, anorexia, depression Colic signs Decreased milk yield Stranguria, haematuria, pyuria Polyuria
What are the chronic PN clinical signs ?
Weight loss Colic Decreased yield Diarrhoea Polyuria Anaemia
What bacteria are associated with PN in LAs?
Mainly G-ve
- coliforms, proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter
Some G+
Trueperella pyogenes, C renale
How can you diagnose pyelonephritis in LAs?
CS+ rectal palpation - feel left kidney Pyuria, haematuria, proteinuria Azotaemia US and endoscopy (horse) Urine culture?
How do you treat PN?
Long term broad spectrum ABs
Tetracyclines
Cephalosporins
What clinical signs are associated with umbilical infection?
If septic - fever malaise lethargy petechial haemorrhage
Heat, pain, swelling and discharge from umbilicus
How do you diagnose umbilical infection?
US
- enlargement of vessels
Anechoic or hyperechoic material seen
How do you treat umbilical infection?
Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy - Cephalosporins, Penicillins
Surgical resection (not if septic)
What is the difference between a patent and persistent urachus?
Patent - has been closed then opens
Persistent
- open since birth
What is the more common cause of renal insult in horses?
Renal failure secondary to hypovolaemia (Pre-renal)
What toxic insults can cause acute renal failure in horses?
Aminoglycosides ONLY give SID
NSAIDs
Acorn
What clinical signs are associated with renal failure in horses?
Depression, anorexia weight loss PUPD Oedema and diarrhoea Pyrexia and Colic signs Encephalopathy Oral mucosal ulceration Excessive tooth tartar
What specific LA perameter is raised in urinalysis in renal failure?
GGT
GGT:Createnine ratio
How can you treat acute renal failure?
IVFT
Diuretics - IV (only) furosemide
When should you be suspicious of bladder rupture in a foal?
Soon after parturition
Tenesmus BUT caudal position of hind limbs to differentiate from straining to defaecate
Progressive depression and abdominal distension
Ventral and prenuptial oedema
How can you diagnose bladder rupture?
Abdominocentesis
Ultrasonography
How do you manage a foal with bladder rupture?
IVFT Peritoneal drainage + lavage Dextrose and insulin - promote intracellular movement of potassium Intranasal oxygen SURGERY on STABILISED foal
What acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities occur in bladder rupture?
Hyperkalaemia -failure to excrete
Hyponatraemia - loss of regulation, continued water intake
Metabolic acidosis - loss of renal regulation
Respiratory acidosis - compression of diaphragm
