Diagnostic Imaging Flashcards
What are the indications for diagnostic imaging?
Abdominal mass
Abnormal renal or urinary profile
Altered urination
Abdominal/pelvic trauma e.g. RTA
Which views are required?
What about for males?
Orthogonal views of the abdomen
Additional lateral view of the caudal abdomen/perianal region with legs pulled forward.
Which kidney is more cranial ?
Right - sits in renal fossa of caudate lobe of liver
How might you interpret prostatic mineralisation in:
An early neuter dog
A late neuter dog
Early - NEOPLASIA
Late - benign prostatic hyperplasia
Would you expect to see the prostate in cats?
NO
Cats don’t have visible prostate parenchyma
What positive contrast medium is used for the urinary tract?
IODINE - non-ionic so safer
What is an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?
Contrast injected IV then filtered through kidneys
Describe the phases of an intravenous urogram
- Vascular phase (in vessels)
- Nephrogram - 1st min - in cortex then medulla
- Pyelogram -3 min- pelvis and ureters start filling
What types of stone can you see on X-ray?
Struvite
Calcium oxylate
Which stones are more difficult to see on x ray?
Urate
Cysteine
What contrast studies are utilised?
Retrograde (vagino-) urethography
Positive contrast cystography - positive contrast injected into bladder
Double contrast cystography - Gas and Contrast
Negative contrast cystography
What is double contrast cystography good for?
Stones which are not radiopaque
Why should you collect urine before a contrast study?
Iodine based contrast media are bacteriostatic
How can you differentiate between uroliths, blood clots, and air bubbles in double contrast studies?
Uroliths heavier than BCs and bubbles so sit in the MIDDLE
BCs - around outside positive bubble
Bubbles - peripheral bladder and under positive bubble
What do you use a retrograde (vagino) urethro cystogram for?
To assess urethra, (vagina) +/- bladder
