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Pharmacology & Anesthesiology > Large Animal Sedation/Premedication > Flashcards

Large Animal Sedation/Premedication Flashcards

1
Q

T/F horses stay standing while sedated

A

T

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2
Q

what is unique about giving drugs to ruminants (and other food animals)

A

need to consider drug approval and drug withdrawal times

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3
Q

what are the 3 general considerations for protocol design for large animals

A

1) patient
2) procedure
3) place (facilities)

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4
Q

what are some patient considerations when designing a drug protocol for large animals

A

1) signalment
2) pregnancy status
3) drug residues
4) local/systemic illness, including pain

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5
Q

what are some procedure considerations when designing a drug protocol for large animals

A

1) duration
2) degree of analgesia needed
3) position
4) risks

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6
Q

what are some place (facility) considerations when designing a drug protocol for large animals

A

1) personnel
2) chutes/stocks
3) field vs stall
4) padding/positioning

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7
Q

what are the 6 most commonly used drug categories for equine sedation/analgesia

A

1) phenothiazines
2) alpha 2 agonists
3) benzodiazepines
4) opioids
5) NSAIDs
6) local anesthetics

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8
Q

what is the order of introduction of the following alpha 2 agonists:

  • romifidine
  • detomidine
  • xylazine
A
  • xylazine (70s)
  • detomidine (80s)
  • romifidine (90s)
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9
Q

what alpha 2 adrenergic agonists are NOT licensed for use in HORSES (but may be used off label)

A
  • dexmedetomidine
  • medetomidine
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10
Q

what is the potency (from most to least) of the alpha-2 agonists in horses

A

dex/medetomidine > detomidine > romifidine = xylazine

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11
Q

what are some disadvantages of using alpha-2s in horses

A

1) upper airway relaxation
2) ataxia
3) ileus
4) cardiovascular effects: bradycardia, arrhythmias, drop in CO

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12
Q

what are some advantages of alpha-2 agonists in horses

A
  • fast onset
  • predictable and reliable sedation
  • reversible
  • IV or IM
  • dose-dependent effects
  • provides analgesia
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13
Q

what are the 2 phenothiazines used on horses

A
  • acepromazine (parenteral)
  • promazine (oral)
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14
Q

what are some advantages of phenothiazines in horses

A

1) long-acting
2) anti-arrhythmic
3) mild tranquilizer
4) IV or IM

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15
Q

what are some disadvantages of phenothiazines in horses

A

1) long time to effect
2) penile prolapse
3) hypotension and hypothermia
4) only mild-moderate sedation
5) no analgesia

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16
Q

what is the onset and duration of action of phenothiazines in horses

A

onset: 10-15min
duration: ? 1-2 hours?

17
Q

what are two benzodiazepines used in horses

A

midazolam and diazepam

18
Q

what are some advantages of benzodiazepines in horses

A
  • little CVS depression
  • muscle relaxant
  • great in foals < 2 weeks
19
Q

what are some disadvantages of benzodiazepines in horses

A
  • no analgesia
  • unpredictable sedation
  • ataxia
20
Q

what are 3 opioids used in horses

A
  • metadone
  • morphine
  • butorphanol
21
Q

what are advantages of using opioids in horses

A
  • improves quality of sedation
  • analgesic
  • IV or IM
  • can sedate a compromised foal
22
Q

what are disadvantages of opioids in horses

A
  • short acting
  • ILEUS
  • potential excitation (if they stimulate
23
Q

what alpha-2 agonist is used in ruminants

A

xylazine

24
Q

what are advantages of alpha-2 agonists in ruminants

A
  • predictable sedation
  • analgesia
  • IV or IM
25
Q

what are disadvantages of alpha-2 agonists in ruminants

A
  • respiratory - hypoxemia
  • regurgitation
  • ataxia/recumbancy
  • abortion
26
Q

what size vial of xylazine (Rompun) do you want to use in ruminants ALWAYS

A

the SMALL vial (20mg/ml)

27
Q

what benzodiazepines are used in ruminants

A

diazepam and midazolam

28
Q

what are advantages of benzodiazepines in ruminants

A
  • sedation in calves and small rumies
  • muscle relaxation
  • little CVS depression
29
Q

what are disadvantages of benzodiazepines in ruminants

A
  • ataxia
  • poor sedation in adult cows
  • not used in lactating cows
  • 30-day withdrawal time
30
Q

what are the advantages of phenothiazines in ruminants

A
  • IV or IM
  • less likely to become recumbant
31
Q

what are the disadvantages of phenothiazines in ruminants

A
  • slow onset with long duration
  • no analgesia
  • hypotension
  • regurgitation
32
Q

in general, what can we give as a sedative/opioid combo in large animals and what is one additional option for small ruminants

A

in general:
alpha 2 + opioid + NSAID/local

additional option for small ruminants:
benzo + opioids + NSAID/local

33
Q

what are the opioids used in ruminants

A
  • butorphanol
  • methadone
  • morphine
34
Q

what are advantages of opioids in ruminants

A
  • analgesia
  • better quality of sedation
  • sedation in compromised adults/young ruminants
  • IV or IM
35
Q

what are disadvantages of opioids in ruminants

A
  • only IV or IM routes (only parenteral)
  • short acting

Pharmacology & Anesthesiology (22 decks)

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